This document provides information about movement patterns and exercises. It begins by outlining learning outcomes related to introducing basic anatomy and physiology, familiarizing students with range of motion and body planes, teaching the importance of proper movements and exercises, and helping students recognize exercises that combine stretching. It then provides overviews of the musculoskeletal and human body systems, focusing on bones, muscles, joints and their functions in enabling movement. The document describes different types of muscles and joints, planes of motion, flexibility exercises, and principles of movement.
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Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson the students will be able to:
* Introduce the basic anatomy and physiology to the
students;
* Make the students familiar about the range of
motion and body planes;
* Orient the students the impact and importance of
proper movements and exercises in their daily
activities;
* Recognize the physical exercise that combines
rhythmic activities with stretching;
* Teach the students the prevention of injuries
through the proper movements;
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Musculoskeletal Overview
Activity: Learn from the information’s given from
the url, websites found below:
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1. What are the exercises that
can promote strong and
healthy bones?
2. What is the connection of
musculoskeletal system in
physical education?
3. Why is it important to learn
anatomy and physiology in
physical education?
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The Human Body
• The body is the most amazing and
miraculous living machine in the
universe, capable of growth, self repair
and reproduction as a result of the
monitoring power of human brain.
• It is made up of all the living and
nonliving components that create the
entire structure of the human
organism, including every living cell,
tissue, organs and systems.
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The Science of
Human
Movement
• The study of how people move in
different contexts and of the factors
related to the analysis, improvement
and recovery of physical activity.
• The study of Human enhancement
gives us better understanding of our
body and its parts, functions,
capabilities, and limitations.
• By having better knowledge about
movement mechanisms, we become
more efficient in doing our daily
activities, P.E practicums, dance and
sports.
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Parts of Musculoskeletal System
• Bones: Bones of all shapes and sizes support your body,
protect organs and tissues, store calcium and fat and
produce blood cells.
• Cartilage: A type of connective tissue, cartilage cushions
bones inside your joints, along your spine and in your
ribcage.
• Joints: Bones come together to form joints. Some joints
have a large range of motion, such as the ball-and-socket
shoulder joint. Other joints, like the knee, allow bones to
move back and forth but not rotate.
• Muscles: Each muscle is made of thousands of stretchy
fibers. Your muscles allow you to move, sit upright and stay
still. Some muscles help you run, dance and lift.
• Ligaments: Made of tough collagen fibers, ligaments
connect bones and help stabilize joints.
• Tendons: Tendons connect muscles to bones. Made of
fibrous tissue and collagen, tendons are tough but not very
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Skeletal System
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• This system has 206 bones and associated cartilage, tendons, and
ligaments.
• The bone is rigid, it gives the body a framework, maintains its shape,
and protects vital organs.
• Bones provide a place for muscles and supporting structures to attach,
and, with the movable joints, form a system of levers upon which
muscles can act to produce body movements.
• A joint is a place of union between two or more bones that may be
movable or immovable.
• Bone also functions as a site for mineral storage and blood cell
formation.
• Tendons and ligaments are strong bands of fibrous connective tissue
that attach muscles to bones, and bones to bones, respectively.
Two Groups of Skeleton
1. Appendicular Skeleton –
composed of the upper extremity
and lower extremity.
2. Axial Skeleton – composed of the
skull, ribs, trunk, vertebral column,
and pelvic.
Factors Influencing Bone Health
1. Hereditary 2. Nutritional
Status
3. Hormonal Status 4. Activity Level
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Muscular System
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• The muscular system is composed of specialized cells called muscle
fibers.
• Their predominant function is contractibility.
• Muscles, attached to bones or internal organs and blood vessels, are
responsible for movement.
• Nearly all movement in the body is the result of muscle contraction.
• Muscles are the exert forces thus are the major contributor to human
movement.
Four Properties of Muscle Tissues
1. Irritability
2. Contractility
3. Extensibility
4. Elasticity
Functions of Muscles
1. Produce Movement
2. Maintain Postures and Positions
3. Stabilize Joints
4. Other functions
3 Types of Muscles in the Body
1. Skeletal Muscles – also called as voluntary muscles because the
movements they produce are under your control that maybe rapid or
forceful.
2. Smooth Muscles – long and spindle-shaped with no striation. It is
located in the walls of tubular structures and hollow organs such as the
digestive tract, the blood vessels and other internal organs except the
heart.
3. Cardiac Muscles – involuntary muscles found only in the heart that
works nonstop for life. When the body is at rest the heart generally
beats about 60-70 times in a minute.
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Body Regions Range of
Movements
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Head and Neck – head houses the
brain and major sense organs;
framework of the face.
Trunk (or torso) – the central part of
the body.
Orientations/Directions
1. Superior
2. Inferior
3. Anterior
4. Posterior
5. Medial
6. Lateral
7. Proximal
8. Distal
Types:
1. Active Range of Motion
2. Passive Range of Motion
Spinal Column
A. Flexion
B. Extension
C. Lateral Flexion
D. Rotation
Shoulder Girdle
a. Abduction
b. Adduction
c. Depression
d. Elavation
Elbow Joint
a. Pronation
b. Supination
c. Flexion
Wrist Joint
a. Flexion
b. Extension
c. Adduction
d. Abduction
e. Circumduction
Hip Joint
a. Flexion
b. Extension
c. Adduction
d. Lateral Rotation
e. Medial Rotation
f. Abduction
Knee Joint
a. Flexion
b. Extension
Ankle Joint
a. Inversion
b. Eversion
c. Dorsi Flexion
d. Plantar Flexion
Upper Extremities Lower Extremities
1. Arm 1. Thigh
2. Forearm 2. Leg
3. Hand 3. Foot
Types of Body Motion
1. Flexion
2. Extension
3. Abduction
4. Adduction
5. Circumduction
6. Rotation
7. Pronation
8. Supination
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Body Planes
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1. Coronal plane – also called
as frontal plane. Divides the
body into dorsal and ventral
(back and front, or posterior
and anterior) portions.
2. Transverse Plane – also
known as an axial plane or
cross-section. Divides the
body into cranial and caudal
(head and tail) portions.
3. Sagittal Plane – divides the
body into sinister and dexter
(left and right) portions.
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Flexibility
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• Determines how far you can bend, and it depends on how far you can stretch your muscles
without tearing them.
• Helps to prevent injuries by decreasing the tension of the muscles.
• Help to reduce muscle soreness and enhance certain types of athletic performance.
4 Basic Movements in Flexibility
1. Flexion – bending of body segment
2. Extension – straightening a body segment
3. Abduction – moving a limb away from the body
4. Adduction – moving a limb towards the body
Flexibility
Shoulder:
Movement
Abduction
Adduction
Flexion
Extension
Internal Rotation
External Rotation
Flexibility
Hip:
Movement
Extension (flex knee)
Flexion (flex knee)
Extension (straight leg)
Flexion (straight leg)
Abduction
Adduction
Flexibility
Knee:
Ankle:
Movement
Flexion
Extension
Dorsi Flexion
Plantar Flexion
Flexibility
Trunk:
Movement
Flexion
Extension
Rotation
Lateral Flexion
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Stretching and Movement
Types of Stretching
1. Passive Assisted Stretching –
partner assisted stretch.
2. Static Stretching – technique is
widely used and effective
techniques of stretching.
3. Ballistic Stretch – involves an
explosive, bouncing rhythmic
movement of a specific part of the
body.
Two Practical Principle of Movement:
1. Use all the joints that can be used –
the forces from each joint must be
combined to produce the maximum
effect.
2. Use every joint in order – it tells us
when the joints should be used.
Movement should begin with the
big muscle group and move out
through the progressively smaller
muscle, from big to small.
The human body has a long history. Our ancestors, who relied on superstitions and notions about magic help to help the sick, became so curious about how their bodies worked. Through continuous practice and observation, they began to discover useful ways of treating the human body.
The body is the most amazing and miraculous living machine in the universe, capable of growth, self repair and reproduction as a result of the monitoring power of the human brain. It is made up of thousands of parts of various sizes and shapes that worked together in an organized manner, each of which have a specific functions working together to keep us alive.
Human body is made up of cells, tissues, organs and systems.
Cell – are the building blocks of the body.
Tissue – are the group of cells organized into layers or masses that have common function.
Organs – groups of different tissues that form a complex structure with specialized functions like the skin, skeleton, stomach, the heart, kidneys, intestine, muscles, brain and etc.
Systems – are group of organs that function closely together that constitute the organism.
Hereditary – is an important determinant of bone mass density (BMD). This is limiting factor on the amount of BMD an individual can attain.
Nutritional Status – nutrition is important in maintaining bone health. Calcium is important nutrient for the bones.
Hormonal Status – the hormone estrogen plays an important role in attaining bone mass. While the females can develop a lower peak bone mass than females with regular monthly period. Acceleration on the rate of bone loss is also likely happen on menopausal women due to loss of estrogen.
Activity Level – children and adolescents should participate in high impact activities for the bone development.
Irritability – ability to respond to stimulus.
Contractility – ability of the muscles to generate tension and shorten when it receives sufficient stimulation.
Extensibility – muscles ability to lengthen, or stretch beyond the resting length.
Elasticity – ability of the muscles fiber to return to its resting length after the stretch is removed.
Superior – above or towards the head.
Inferior – below or toward lower part of the body
Anterior – towards the front of the body
Posterior – towards the back of the body
Medial – at or nearer to the center plane; or in the inner side of the body
Lateral – away from the center plane of the body
Proximal – nearer to the center of the body
Distal – farther the center of the body.
