2. Safety First
Driving is dangerous and costly
Crashes in US:
- Total fatalities: 35,092 people (2015) [2]
- Total injuries: 2.44 million people (2015) [2]
- Estimated economic cost: $432.5 billion in 2016 [4]
Why?
Can we do better?
4. The Way Forward: Smart Safety
Need to help drivers with recognition, decision and performance
Need to use Smart Sensors, Artificial Intelligence, V2X, X2V, and The Cloud
Need Smart Safety
5. Smart Safety
Example of Smart Safety working:
- Use of autopilot in Tesla cars has lead to a 39% decrease in crash rates [5]
- Autonomous cars in California had 26 collision between 2014 and 2017 [6]
Perception
Local View:
- radar
- camera
- lidar
- sonar
Global View:
- Internet Info (5G)
- V2X
- X2V
Control
AI for Motion Planning
AI for Path Planning
Controller:
- precise
- consistent
Management
AI for Perception
AI for Fusion
AI for Driver & Vehicle Monitoring
AI for Prediction of Situations
Reaction time: 0.1s
6. Human Safety vs. Smart Safety
Perception
- eyes
Control
- estimating
- depends on feelings
Management
Reaction time: 3s1
Human
Driving
Perception
- radar
- camera
- lidar
- more
Control
- precise
- consistent
Management
Reaction time: 0.1s
Smart
Driving
1
http://copradar.com/redlight/factors/IEA2000_ABS51.pdf
7. Smart Safety at Work in Passenger Vehicles (PV)
Technology Effect
Autopilot in Tesla Cars 39% decrease in crash rates [11]
Automatic Braking 40% decrease in rear-end crashes [12]
42% decrease in injuries in rear-end crashes [12]
Forward Collision Warning 23% decrease in crash rates [12]
Electronic Stability Control 15% to 17% decrease in overall collision losses [13]
Acura & Mercedes Autonomous Braking 14% decrease in claims [13]
Volvo's Autonomous Braking 10% decrease in crashes (not statistically significant) [13]
Adaptive Headlights 10% decrease in claims [13]
Buick & Mercedes Lane Departure Warning Increase in crashes (not statistically significant) [13]
8. Smart Safety at Work in Commercial Vehicles (CV)
Based on crashes in US from 2004-08, ADAS could prevent or mitigate ~107,000
crashes each year (28% of all crashes involving large trucks) [14, 15]
ADAS Technology All Injury Fatal
Lane Departure Warning 10,000 1,000 247
Electronic Stability Control 30,000 7,000 439
Forward Collision Warning 31,000 3,000 115
Side View Assist 39,000 2,000 79
Total Unique Crashes Addressed 107,000 12,000 835
Potential Crashes Avoided by ADAS [15]
9. Smart Safety at Work in Commercial Vehicles (CV)
In EU, 4,021 people were killed in collisions involving heavy vehicles (2013) [16]
European Commission estimates ADAS on heavy vehicles could save around
2,500 lives per year (62% of all fatalities) [16, 17]:
- 500 lives saved with ESC
- 1,000 lives saved with AEB
- 1,000 lives saved with LDW
No estimates for European buses, vans and light good vehicles [17]
11. Making Basics Work for L3, L4
Crashes of autonomous and semi-autonomous vehicles
- Tesla Model S “Autopilot” crashes with turning truck in Williston, Florida 05/07/16 [9]
- Tesla Model S “Autopilot” crashes with a parked fire truck in Culver City, California 01/22/18 [10]
- Uber’s self-driving car kills pedestrian in Tempe, Arizona 03/19/18 [8]
- Tesla electric SUV “Autopilot” crashes with highway divider Mountain View, California 03/23/18 [7]
AEB doesn't seem to be helping [18, 19]
Crash with stationary object (avoiding false positives?) [18, 19]
Need better fundamental safety systems - even for L3, L4 applications
12. Smart Brake
Regular AEB
- Avoid collision by apply brake when possible obstacle collision detected
Smart Brake
- Minimize probability of crashing
- Minimum force braking: minΔt,Δv
F *Δt = m*Δv
- Actively learn brake performance
- Predict and avoid crashes in complex situations
13. Ingredients for Smart Brake
Sensors:
- Sonar
- Radar
- Camera
- Other Vehicles
- Infrastructure
Brake Controller
Data for AI models for: Perception, Management, Control
14. Smart Brake in Action
Radar
Brake
Controller
Management
Smart Brake
Camera
Sonar
Cloud
15. Perception
Radar
- Long and short range distance estimation
Vision
- Robust to weather conditions [1]
- Provides appearance information (color)
- Inexpensive
- Detection problems due to variation of appearances
25. References
[1] Chenyi Chen. Extracting Cognition out of Images for the Purpose of Autonomous Driving. PhD thesis, PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, 2016.
[2] National Highway Traffic Safety Administration et al. 2015 motor vehicle crashes: overview. Traffic safety facts research note, 2016:1–9, 2016.
[3] Santokh Singh. Critical reasons for crashes investigated in the national motor vehicle crash causation survey. Technical report, 2015.
[4] Statistics Department National Safety Council. Nsc motor vehicle fatality estimates.
http://www.nsc.org/NewsDocuments/2017/12-month-estimates.pdf, 2017. Accessed: 2017-2-26.
[5] Kareem Habib. Odi resume the automatic emergency braking. Technical report, 2017.
[6] CA DMV–Reports of Traffic Accidents Involving an Autonomous Vehicle–OL316 Available from
https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/dmv/detail/vr/autonomous/autonomousveh_ol316+
[7] https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/mar/31/tesla-car-crash-autopilot-mountain-view
[8] http://time.com/5205767/uber-autonomous-car-crash-arizona/
[9] http://time.com/4391175/tesla-crash-autopilot-driverless-cars/
[10] https://www.teslarati.com/tesla-model-s-firetruck-crash-details/
26. References
[11] Kareem Habib. Odi resume the automatic emergency braking. Technical report, 2017.
[12] Insurance Institute for Highway Safety and Highway Loss Data Institute. Crashes avoided front crash prevention slashes police-reported
rear-end crashes. Technical report, 2016.
[13]http://www.iihs.org/iihs/news/desktopnews/crash-avoidance-features-reduce-crashes-insurance-claims-study-shows-autonomous-braking-and-ad
aptive-headlights-yield-biggest-benefits
[14] http://www.iihs.org/iihs/topics/t/large-trucks/qanda
[15] http://www.iihs.org/media/d6a354e5-59f0-442d-8f04-1d0491be68d9/hmo_4g/Presentations/Lund%202014-05-12%20NAS.pdf
[16] https://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/sites/roadsafety/files/ersosynthesis2016-vehiclesafety15_en.pdf
[17] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352146516302344
[18] http://smartdrivingcar.com/6-17-newmode-041218/
[19] http://smartdrivingcar.com/6-16-comegetem-040418/
![Safety First
Driving is dangerous and costly
Crashes in US:
- Total fatalities: 35,092 people (2015) [2]
- Total injuries: 2.44 million people (2015) [2]
- Estimated economic cost: $432.5 billion in 2016 [4]
Why?
Can we do better?](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)