Waste products and pollutants from human activities can accumulate in marine animals through the food web and make them unsuitable for consumption. Long-living top predators are most at risk of accumulating these pollutants over time. Common pollutants include chemicals from sewage, oil industry discharges, antifouling agents, heavy metals, and plastic waste. These pollutants can have toxic effects on fish eggs and larvae, causing abnormalities that impact survival. Microplastics in particular can inhibit hatching and decrease growth in fish larvae. The impacts of pollution extend throughout the food web and pose threats to marine species from plankton to top predators.

1. Ashish sAhu

2.  Waste products from humans can be found in every sea on earth.
 Such compounds can accumulate in the food web that make marine animals unsuitable for human
consumption, as these chemicals interact biochemically at very low concentrations.
 Long-living animals, usually top predators, are most to accumulating these pollutants.
 Since these chemicals often are lipophilic, they are transported along the marine food web by oil-rich
algae, zooplankton, and fish.

3.  Chemicals from sewage (e.g. hormones, medicines, cosmetics, detergents).
 Petroleum industry discharges of oil, chemicals and other agents.
 Antifouling agents.
 Heavy metals.
 Persistent organic contaminants (e.g. PCBs, chlorinated pesticides, dioxins).
 Pesticides and fungicides.
 DDT (cause bioaccumulation).
 Plastic.

4.  Toxic effects of pollutant on fish eggs and larvae.
 It creates abnormalities for the larvae.
 The main types of pollutants likely to produce effects in the early stage of fish
are heavy metals, petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbon. ( This
types of problem occurs in either experimentally or in the field).
 Large quantities of anthropogenic pollutants enter in sea by atmospheric
deposition, riverine input and ocean dumping.

5. Fig. Abnormalities resulting from embryonic oil exposure.
(A) Control. ( No oil pollution)
(B) Low dose ( Oil pollution)
Abnormalities are indicated:
1. spinal curvature (S)
2. jaw deformities (JD).

7. larva unexposed to oil (top)
developed normally
while one (bottom) exposed to oil
spilled, due to this cause various
abnormalities, including heart
failure and poor growth of eyes
and fins.

8. Oil contains polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs),
which are toxic to the developing
fish heart.
resulting in fluid accumulation in
the pericardial space. This form of
heart failure is eventually lethal.
The hearts of affected larvae are
unable to pump properly,

9. Normal
condition

14. Polystyrene micro plastics inhibit hatching, decrease
growth rates.
 Hatched fish larvae exposed to micro plastics smaller
and less physically active as compared to non-exposed
larvae.
 Affect crucial behaviors such as activity, feeding,
growth, movement, digestion an other
 Micro plastics are abundant and widespread in
the marine environment.
Due to their small size a wide range of marine
species, including zooplankton can ingest them.

17.  Negative effects include entanglement in plastic wires or nets, or to ingestion, which has been
reported in benthic invertebrates, birds, fish, mammals and turtles.
 This is especially true for eggs, embryos and larvae of aquatic organisms, which are
particularly vulnerable.
 The bioaccumulation of MPs and the substances which they could carry seem to be an
increasing problem due to MPs which has been detected from little fish species to the top of food
web.
 It can affect to the immune system, both chemically and physically blocking the digestive
organs and preventing the animals from feeding.
 Ecology and behaviour could also be affected.

18. This larval perch said to
have ingested polystyrene
microplastic particles.
Larvae are
approximately 8.35
mm long on average.
Credit: Oona Lönnstedt

20. Predation on turtles baby by crab

21. Turtle baby eaten by birds

22. Turtle eggs eaten by shore birds

23. Turtle eggs destroy by shore birds

24. Small turtle trap in a
plastic glass

25. Collection of Turtle eggs

26. Turtle eggs: Sale in Indonesia Markets

29. Tourists coming for touch the turtles,
standing on turtle shell for enjoy
Return to the sea without laying their
eggs on a beach on the pacific coast

30. Soft- shelled turtle eggs are usually eaten raw or
very lightly heated, and their taste is said to be more
flavorful than chicken eggs.

31. Turtle Soup
“Due to the endangered
status of many turtle
spp., especially sea
turtles, some country
have banned the sale and
consumption of turtle
eggs.”

32. “Nesting ground are destroy by researcher &
students”

33. “Protection of sea turtle & their nesting ground”

37. This is the only place in the world where it is
legal to harvest and sell sea turtle eggs
PAcific side of costA RicA
noRthwest
Costa Rica's government allows locals,
through community co-operatives, to
harvest eggs laid by sea turtles

38.  Sand mining in river and sea area.
 Dynamite fishing, Electric fishing.
 Agriculture runoff.
 Cyclone, Tsunami, El- NINO, Upwelling and other natural phenomenon.
 Natural disaster (Heavy rail fall & Flood)
 Use of FADs ( Fish Aggregation Devices).
 Invasive Alien Species (IAS)

39. These types of fishing destroy spawning and breeding grounds of
fishes and other aquatic animal. Where eggs and larvae present.

40.  Extraction of sand, mainly through an open pit but sometimes mined from beaches and inland dunes or
dredged from ocean and river beds.
 Destructive practices.
 Approximately 85 percent of all material mined from the earth is a simple and widely available resource:
sand.
During sand mining Disturb
breeding ground, and also water
quality.

41. Due to mining cause erosion of beach
 The United Nations Environment Program
estimates that 40 billion tons of sand are mined
every year.
 Damage rivers, cause beach erosion and
destroy coastal ecosystems.
 At least 24 Indonesian islands disappeared off the
map just to build Singapore.

42.  Gills chock of juvenile due to high turbidity and algae.
 Fungus grow on eggs of fishes due to low temperature.

43.  Bailey, K.M. & Houde, E.D. 1989. Predation on eggs and larvae of marine fishes and the recruitment
problem. Advances in Marine Biology, 25: 1–83
 Houde, E.D. 1997. Patterns and trends in larval–stage growth and mortality in teleost fish. Journal of Fish
Biology, 51: 52–83
 The Research Council of Norway, 2009. The fish larva: a transitional life form, the foundation for
aquaculture and fisheries
 N. A. Bunn, C.J. fox & T. Webb, 2000. Fish egg mortality: implication for the estimation of spawning stock
biomass by the annual eggs production method.
 Google
 Oceana.org.in
 FAO, A guide to the eggs and larvae of 100 common Western Mediterranean Sea bony fish species

44. P.K.Krishnakumar,K.S.Mohamed,P.K.Asokan,T.V.Sathianandan,P.U.Zacharia,K.P.Abdurahiman, Veena
Shettigar and R.N. Durgekar- Marine fisheries information service T&E series No.198,2008.
 E. vivekanandan ,M. Raja gopalan and N. G. K. Pillai-Recent Trends in Sea Surface Temperature and its
Impact on Oil Sardine.
 Wikipedia
 WW. F.org.in