he Ganges or Ganga (Hindustani: [ˈɡəŋɡaː]), is a trans-boundary river of South Asia which flows through India and Bangladesh. The 2,704 km (1,680 mi) river originates from the Gangotri Glacier of western Himalayas in the Indian state of Uttarakhand, and flows south and east through the Gangetic Plain of India and Bangladesh, eventually emptying into the Bay of Bengal.

3. The passage where the river flows is called the river bed and the
earth on each side is called a river bank.
A river is a stream of water that flows through a channel in the
surface of the ground.
A river begins as a small stream, and gets bigger the farther it
flows.
What is river ?

4.  A natural stream of water of fairly large size flowing in a definite
series of diverging and converging channels.
 A river is the path that water takes as it flows downhill towards
the ocean.
Definition of river-
The start of a river is called the source and the end is called the
mouth.

5.  India has a large network of rivers.
 Which contribute more than 30% of the total inland fish
production..
 The rivers of India play an important role in the lives of the
Indian people.

6. Rhithron zone:
• upstream area of the river.
• Faster and more turbulent flowing speeds.
Potamon zone:
• downstream area of a river.
• slower water flowing speeds
• Temperature is generally warmer than other areas of
the river.

7. power
generation
Agriculture
Factories,
Industry
Drinking
water
Transportatio
n
Use of river

8. CLASSIFICATION OF RIVERS
Broadly Classified Into 5 System
The Ganga Riverine System
The Brahmaputra Riverine System
The Indus Riverine System
The East Coast Riverine System
The West Coast Riverine System

9. BASED ON THEIR ORIGIN
1. Himalayan river system –
Ganga,
Indus,
Brahmaputra
2. Deccan river system / peninsular river systems –
East coast river system
West coast river system
 “Snow fed”, “ rain fed”
 Perennial
 Fluctuations in water level is very less
 Depend upon rains “Rain fed”
 Seasonal

10. BASED ON AREA COVERAGE
Sl.
No.
Category Area No. Of rivers
1. Major rivers (>20000 Sq. Km 15
2. Medium rivers 2000 – 20000 Sq. Km 45
3. Minor rivers <2000 Sq. Km 102

11. o River length as whole (including canals) = 1,95,210 km
o Combined length of all major rivers= 45,000 km
o Resource potential = 29000 km
o Total catchment area= 3.12 million sq. km
o 113 river basins
INDIAN RIVERINE RESOURCES

12. FAUNA AND PRODUCTION
 Average Fish Yield – 1 Tonn /Km
 Yield Of Major River = 0.64-1.64 Tonn /Km
 Fish Fauna Of About 25000 Species Of Which 930 Belonging To 326 Genera
Inhabit Inland Waters.

14. Name of river, Origin Place State Tributaries Length
(k.m)
Catchment
area (Lakh
sq. k.m)
Important
fishes
Ganga Gangotri &
Alaknanda
U.K, U.P,
Jharkhand,
Bihar, & W.B
Gomati,
Gandak,
Ghaghara,
Kosi, Yamuna,
Tons, Sons.
2525 9.71 IMC,
catfishes,
minor carp &
prawn.
Brahmaputra Chemayungdu
ng mountains
(China)
A. P. Assam Dibang, Siang,
Lohit, Manas,
Manas, Dihahg
2900 1.95 Catfishes,
carps,
miscellaneous
species,
Himalayas
species.
Indus river North-West
Himalayas
J&K, H.P,
Punjab.
Jhelum,
Chenab, Ravi,
Beas & Sutlaj.
2000 2.56 Coldwater
fishes,
catfishes, &
carps.

15. East Coast river Origin Place State Tributaries Length (k.m) Catchmen
t area
(Lakh sq.
k.m)
Important fishes
Godavari Deolali hills
Nasik
(Maharastra)
Maharastra,
Andhra
Pradesh
Manjira,
Waingunga &
Indravati.
1465 3.12 Catfishes, carps,
miscellaneous
species, &
brackishwater
prawn
Mahanadi Shihawa hills (
Chhattisgarh)
Chhattisgarh,
M.P & Uddisa
Brahmagiri,
Devi, Bhargavi
river
857 1.41 Exotic fishes,
catfishes
&miscellaneous
Cauvery Brahmagiri
hills
(Karnataka)
Karnataka
&Tamil Nadu
Bhavani, Noyil
& Amaravati
850 .81 Catfishes, carps,
miscellaneous &
prawn
Krishna Mahabaleshwa
r hills (Nasik)
Maharastra,
Karnataka &
Andhra
Pradesh
Bhima,
Tungabhadra
1280 2.33 Carps, catfishes, &
miscellaneous
fishes

16. West Coast river
(Narmada)
Amarkantak
hills (M.P.)
M.P,
Maharastra &
Gujarat
Sher, Shakkar,
Tawa, Gnajal,
Hira, Lihar etc
1312 .94 Major carp, minor
carp, catfishes
prawn
Tapti Vindhyachal
mountain
(M.P)
M.P,
Maharastra &
Gujarat
Girna river,
Purna river,
Bori river, Aner
river etc
720 .48 Minor carp, major
carp, catfishes,
prawn

19. “ The Ganges is a lifeline to millions who
live along its course.”

20. It is a most sacred river to Hindus, and worshiped
as the goddess Ganga in Hinduism.
The Ganges was ranked as the fifth most polluted
river of the world in 2007.

21.  Ganga most important river system in India and one of the largest in the world.
 Total length about 8,047 km.(in India with tributaries).
 Length of ganga- 2,525 km
 Travels through two countries - India and Bangladesh.
 Originates from Gangotri and Alaknanda at a height 6000 m above m.s.l in the Garwal Himalayas in
Uttarkhand.
 It drain cover states Uttarakhand, U. P., Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal & some part of Rajasthan and M.P.
 Ganga has its source in two head water (Gangotri and Alaknanda) at a height of about 6000 m. above sea level.
 It is named as Bhagirathi here. At Devprayag, Alakananda joins Bhagirathi and becomes Ganga.
 In Allahabad it is joined by the Yamuna, the largest tributary of Ganga, rising from Yamunotri glacier.

23.  The Ganges River passes through many cities including Rishikesh, Hardiwar, Farrukhabad, Kanpur,
Jajmau, Allahabad, Mirzapur, Varanasi, Ghazipur, Buxar, Ballia, Patna, Munger, and Bhagalpur.
 Many major and minor tributaries are Ramganga, Yamuna, Tons (Tamsa) , Varuna, Gomati, Ghaghara (
Karnali), Sone, Gandak, Mahanada, Koshi, etc.
 Left bank tributaries - Ramganga, Gandak, Kosi, Gharghara, Gomati.
 Right bank tributaries – Son.
 Kosi, a tributary, is flood prone. So it is known as “Sorrow of Bihar”.
 It bifurcates into Bhagirathi and Hooghly in WB and Padma-Meghna in Bangladesh.
 Catchment area 9.71 lakh km 2.

25. The mouth of River Ganga forms the world’s largest delta,
known as Sunderbans, and was declared a World Heritage
Site by UNESCO in 1997. It covers more than 105,000
square kilometers (41,000 square miles)
by NASA
Bengal tiger in the Sundarbans
saltwater crocodile in the Sundarban

26. Geography view of sundarbans

27.  Habitat
Upper reach (Tehri to Kannauj)
Middle reach (Kanpur to Patna)
Lower reach (Sultanpur to Kotwah)
 Zones of Ganga river
(a) Sluggish zone (Kanpur, Allahabad, Varanasi)
(b) Aggresive zone (Balia to Buxar)
(c) Recovery zone (Bhagalpur to Rajamahal)

28. also known as the Jumna or Jamna, is the second
largest tributary river of the Ganges (Ganga) and
the longest tributary in India.

29.  The Ganga river system supports a large number of commercially important fish species
including major carp.
 Major carp- Labeo rohita, L. calbasu, Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala.
 Minor carp:- L. fimriatus, L. bata, L. dero, Cirrhinus reba etc.
 Catfishes:- Wallago attu, Mytus aor, Clarias batrachus, Bagarius bagarius, Rita rita, Ompak
pabda etc.
 Feather back:- Notopterus chitala, N. notopterus.
 Clupeids- Hilsa ilisha, Gadusia chapra, Satipinna phasa.
 Prawns- Macrobrachium malcolmsonii M. gangaticum.
 The dominant fish species in Ganga river system is Cirrhinus mrigala
Fisheries of Ganga river system

31. wallago attu (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Bagarius bagarius (Hamilton, 1822) Rita rita (Hamilton, 1822)

32. Chanda nama Glass fish
Puntius spp.
M. choparai (Truly freshwater prawn) Macrobrachium rosenbergii
Tenualosa ilisha

33. FISHING GEARS OF GANGA
 Hook and line is the main gear in the upper most stretch.
 Down stream up to Haridwar fishing is not permitted.
 Use of fishing gears is operative in the middle and low & reaches.
 The variously designed gears are used to suit local conditions such as depth of water, water
velocity and type of fish to be caught.
 Dragnets (major and minor), Gill nets, purse net, scoop net, cast nets, set barriers, traps,
long lines are normally used in fresh water stretches
 In estuaries system, Trawl nets, sine nets, purse nets, drift nets, lift nets, cast nets, bag nets,
set gillnets, set barrier nets and traps are used

34. Fishing gears of Ganga

35. POLLUTION AND TOXICITY

36. POLLUTION AND TOXICITY

38. Various Causes of Water Pollution
1. Industrial waste
2. Sewage and wastewater
3. Mining activities
4. Accidental oil leakage
5. The burning of fossil fuels
6. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides
7. Leakage from sewer lines
8. Global warming
9. Radioactive waste
10.Urban development
11.Leakage from the landfills
12.Animal waste
13.Underground storage leakage

43. “In the United States, wastewater treatment facilities process about 34 billion
gallons of wastewater per day.”
“In the United States, wastewater treatment facilities process about 34
billion gallons of wastewater per day.”

44. “Some 80 percent
of the world’s
wastewater is
dumped—largely
untreated—back
into the
environment,
polluting rivers,
lakes, and
oceans.”
BY, Melissa Denchak

45. “Unsafe water kills more people each year than war and all other forms
of violence combined.”

46. Oil pollution

47. “Moreover, nearly half of the estimated 1 million tons of oil that makes its way into marine
environments each year comes not from tanker spills but from land-based sources such as factories,
farms, and cities.”

51. more than 15 million people, New Delhi and its surrounding cities produce an estimated 17,000
tons of trash daily, according to Indian officials and environmentalists.

52. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
CLIMATE CHANGE AND FISHERIES:
 Enhanced water temperature………
 Geographic shift of species
 Habitat loss or gain
 Fish breeding alteration or changes
 Decrease in fish and related biota species richness, alteration
compositions
 Exotic species invasion.
 Impact on fish physiology
 Increased growth of plankton
 Low oxygen
 Increased toxicity of pollutants

53. EXCESSIVE RAINFALL AND DROUGHT
 Geographic shift of species
 Habitat loss and gain
 Fish breeding failure
 Decrease in fish and related biota species distribution.
ALTERATION IN RAINFALL AND WATER AVAILABILITY
 Geographic shift of species.
 Species richness decreases
 Breeding failure
 Habitat loss

55. ALIEN AND EXOTICS
 Extinction of native species
 Disease outbreak
 Food chain alteration
 Hybridization
 Habitat change
 Change in biodiversity
 Loss of trait

58. CONCLUSION
 The fishery of carps are declining and cat fishes were
overtaking the pre existing fishery with in major
systems.
 In India, natural flow of all major rivers have been
regulated for fulfilling water demand of agriculture and
power sector, without giving any attention to fisheries
sector. As a result, rivers have lost their character and
fisheries have suffered huge losses.

59. REFERENCE
•Hand book of aquaculture – Dr.S.ayyappan, Second edition,2011 (Chapter no – 1. Page no. 1 to
31, 302, 169).
•A text book of fish biology and fisheries Dr. S.S. Khanna Corrected edition (Chapter no – 34, 39 .
page no. 351 to 355,403 to 407).
•Fish and fisheries of India – V. G. Jhingran, Second edition, 1985 (Chapter no – 7. Page no.249,
492).
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