This is presentation about Air Pollution.. And mechanical methods to overcome the air pollution.

1. AIR POLLUTION & ITS SOLUTION
PRESENTED TO: MA’M SHAGUFTA
PRESNENTED BY: SABRINA NAZIR(06)
TAYYABA AKBAR(16)
ASMA KANWAL(25)

3. POLLUTION & POLLUTANTS
• The Contamination of air, water and Soil with
the substances, which have adverse effect on
Living things, is Called Pollution.
• Those substances who polluted these areas
are called Pollutants.
• Pollutants are of many types including:
Gaseous Pollutants, Liquid Pollutants, Solid
Pollutants.

4. GASEOUS POLLUTANTS
• Carbon Mono-oxide (CO)
• Nitrogen Oxides
• Carbon Dioxide CO2
• Sulphur Oxides
• Ozone O3
• CFCs
• Smog
• Ammonia (NH3)
• Volatile Organic Compounds
• Radioactive Pollutants

6. CARBON MONOXIDE
• A gas that comes from the burning of fossil fuels,
mostly in cars.
• It cannot be seen or smelled.
• Undetectable to the human senses
• SYMPTOMS
• Dizziness
• chest pain
• difficulty thinking
• convulsions
• Coma etc.

7. CARBON MONO-OXIDE(CO)
• Sources:
• Incomplete Combustion of Carbon Containing Fuels
used in Automobile Engines and defective furnaces.
• Smoke obtained by engines of cars, Buses, Aeroplanes
etc.
• Coal, wood and Oil burns and give black smoke having
CO
• Cigarette Smoke also contain CO
• Incomplete Combustion of agriculture and slush matter
• Industrial furnace (Blast furnaces)

8. CARBON MONO-OXIDE(CO)
• Toxic Effects on Human Beings & Animals
• CO inhaled then Carboxyhaemoglobin HbCO formed
Hb + CO HbCO
O2 availability reduced to the body cells (anoxia)
Suffocation and may even lead to death.
• So the Smokers daily inhale CO and produced HbCO in
their body and as a result normal body functions

9. EFFECTS OF (CO) POISIONING
• Effects: Carbon monoxide makes it hard for body parts
to get the oxygen they need to run correctly.
• Cardiovascular system is affected
• Adverse effects on nervous system
• Inflammatory response is initiated
• Hypoxia at the cellular level
• Death of cells and damage to major organs
• Elderly people with heart disease are hospitalized
more often when they are exposed to higher amounts
of carbon monoxide

10. NITROGEN OXIDES
• Nitrogen dioxide:
• A reddish-brown gas that comes from the burning of fossil fuels.
• It has a strong smell at high levels.
• Sources:
• Nitrogen dioxide mostly comes from power plants and cars.
• Agriculture.
• Transportation.
• Industry.
• Nitrogen dioxide is formed in two ways—when nitrogen in the fuel
is burned
• when nitrogen in the air reacts with oxygen at very high
temperatures

11. NITROGEN OXIDES
Effects
• Nitrogen dioxide exposure can give people coughs
• sweating
• unusual tiredness or weakness
• can make them feel short of breath. People who are
exposed to nitrogen dioxide have respiratory
infections.
• In plants can injure leaves and reduce growth
• Nitrogen dioxide reacts in the atmosphere to form acid
rain, which can harm plants and animals.

14. CARBON DIOXIDE
• It is also a pollutant, when generated in large
quantity - because it can reduce the oxygen
concentration in the air.
• It is a gas produced when fuel is burnt in
adequate oxygen.
• Normally, the atmospheric air will have 0.03%
CO2. When its concentration increases due to
pollution, it reduces the percentage of oxygen in
atmosphere.

15. CARBON DIOXIDE
• Effects:
• Global warming
• It disturbs buffering system
• Respiratory problems
• Acidosis in blood
• It can retard plant growth

16. SULPHUR DIOXIDE
• A corrosive gas that cannot be seen or smelled at low
levels but can have a “rotten egg” smell at high levels.
• Sources:
• Natural source is volcanoes.
• Sulfur dioxide mostly comes from the burning of coal
or oil in power plants.
• It also comes from factories that make chemicals,
paper, or fuel.
• Like nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide reacts in the
atmosphere to form acid rain and particles.

17. SULPHUR DIOXIDE
• Effects:
• Sulphur dioxide exposure can affect people who have
asthma or emphysema by making it more difficult for
them to breathe
• It can also irritate people's eyes, noses, and throats.
• Sulfur dioxide can harm trees and crops
• High concentrations of SO2 can cause inflammation
and irritation of the respiratory system, particularly
during heavy physical activity.
• This gas can also react with other chemicals in the air
and convert to a small particle that can lodge in the
lungs and cause similar health effects.

19. AMMONIA(NH3)
• Ammonia is a colorless, pungent gas
composed of Nitrogen and Hydrogen.
SOURCES
• Agriculture Biggest Source
• Livestock forming and animal waste account
for the biggest percentage of total ammonia
emissions which are due to decompositions of
Urea from large animal wastes
• Uric acid from poultry wastes

20. NH3 Sources
• Fertilizers applications
• Vegetation
• Biomass Burning
• Oceans
• EFFECTS
• Exposure to high concentration of gaseous ammonia in
the air results in lung damage.

21. Ammonia gas
• In many industries, ammonia gas (NH3) is used as
reducing agent.
• It is a corrosive gas with a high potentiality of causing
throat irritations,
• burning of pharynx, esophagus, etc.
• It can also cause digestive problems - when excess gas
is inhaled.

22. ACID RAIN

23. GREENHOUSE GASES
• Gases that stay in the air for a long time and
warm up the planet by trapping sunlight. This is
called the “greenhouse effect” because the gases
act like the glass in a greenhouse.
• Some of the important greenhouse gases are
• carbon dioxide,
• methane,
• nitrous oxide.

25. GREENHOUSE GASES
Sources of green house gas
• Carbon dioxide is the most important greenhouse
gas. It comes from the burning of fossil fuels in
cars, power plants, houses, and industry.
• Methane is released during the processing of
fossil fuels, and also comes from natural sources
like cows and rice paddies.
• Nitrous oxide comes from industrial sources and
decaying plants.

26. GREENHOUSE GASES
• EFFECTS:
• Changes in the climate of the planet.
• Some of these changes might include
• More temperature extremes
• Higher sea levels
• Changes in forest composition
• Damage to land near the coast.
• Human health might be affected by diseases that are
related to temperature or by damage to land and water.

28. SMOG
• Word Smog come from the blend of two words
“smoke” and “fog”
• Smog can formed in any climate where there is
lot of air pollution
CAUSES
• Volcanic eruption emits high level of SO2
• Burning of Fossil Fuels
• Pollution from vehicles and Industries
• Manufacturing of Chemicals

30. sssssss

31. SMOG
HEALTH HAZARDS
• Burning in eyes
• Irritated Throat
• Breathing Difficulties
• Long Term exposure can cause cancer and death
SOLUTIONS
• Decreased by limiting those processes that create it…
• Develop cars that produce less smog
• Restrict usage of Dangerous products such as house
paints, Kitchen cleaners etc.

33. PARTICULATE MATTER
• Solid and liquid matter i.e. suspended in the air
• Less than 0.1mm wide
• Small as 0.00005mm
SOURCES
• Particulate matter can be divided into two types
• 1) Coarse Particles 2) Fine Particles
• Coarse particles are formed from sources like road
dust, sea spray and Construction
• Fine particles are formed in Automobile Fuel
combustion and Power plants

34. EFFECTS OF PARTICULATE MATTER
• Small enough particles can enter the
lungs and cause health problems
• Asthma attacks
• Respiratory Problems
• Premature Death

35. MECHANICAL METHODS TO
OVERCOME AIR POLLUTION
• Catalytic Converters
• Stratified Charged Engines
• Fabric filters
• Electrostatic Precipitations
• Wet Scrubber
• Cyclones

36. CATALYTIC CONVERTER
• A catalytic converter is an emissions control device that
converts toxic pollutants in exhaust gas to less toxic
pollutants by catalyzing a redox reaction (oxidation or
reduction).
Two-way
A two-way (or "oxidation") catalytic
converter has two simultaneous
tasks:
1. Oxidation of carbon
monoxide to carbon dioxide:
2CO + O2 → 2CO2
2. Oxidation of hydrocarbons
(unburned and partially burned
fuel) to carbon dioxide and water.
Three-way
1. Reduction of nitrogen oxides
to nitrogen and oxygen: 2NOx →
xO2 + N2
2. Oxidation of carbon monoxide to
carbon dioxide: 2CO + O2 → 2CO2
3. Oxidation of unburnt hydrocarbons
(HC) to carbon dioxide and water

37. CATALYTIC CONVERTER

38. STRATIFIED CHARGED ENGINES
• A stratified charge engine is a type
of internal combustion engine,
used in automobiles, in which the
fuel is injected into the cylinder just
before ignition.
• This allows for higher compression
ratios without "knock," and
leaner air/fuel ratio than in
conventional internal combustion
engines.
• This produces a homogeneous
charge: a homogeneous mixture of
air and fuel, which is ignited by
a spark plug at a predetermined
moment near the top of
the compression stroke.

39. FABRIC FILTERS
• A baghouse (BH, B/H), bag filter (BF) or fabric
filter (FF) is an air pollution control device that
removes particulates out of air or gas released
from commercial processes or combustion for
electricity generation.
• Power plants, steel mills, pharmaceutical
producers, food manufacturers, chemical
producers and other industrial companies often
use baghouses to control emission of air
pollutants.

40. FABRIC FILTER

41. ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR AND
WET SCRUBBER
• An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is a filtration
device that removes fine particles, like dust and
smoke, from a flowing gas using the force of an
induced electrostatic charge minimally impeding
the flow of gases through the unit.
• In contrast to wet scrubbers which apply energy
directly to the flowing fluid medium, an ESP
applies energy only to the particulate matter
being collected and therefore is very efficient in
its consumption of energy (in the form of
electricity).

42. ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR/WET
SCRUBBER
Electrostatic Precipitator Wet Scrubber

43. CYCLONES

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47. THANK YOU