P’ceutical packaging means the combination of components necessary to contain, preserve, protect and deliver a safe, efficacious drug products. Such that at any time point before expiration date of the drug product, a safe and efficacious dosage form is available.
2. Contents
Definition
Why packaging development is needed???
Ideal packaging requirements
Functions of packaging
Types of packaging
Types of packaging material
Closures
symbols used on packages and labels
defects in packaging
3. Definition
Packaging: Packing consists of enclosing an
individual item or several items, in a container,
usually for shipment or delivery.
Pharmaceutical Packaging: P’ceutical packaging
means the combination of components necessary to
contain, preserve, protect and deliver a safe,
efficacious drug products. Such that at any time
point before expiration date of the drug product, a
safe and efficacious dosage form is available.
4. Why packaging development is needed???
Stability and shelf life to the drug
Convenience and compliance of use
To ensure the product safety
Brand identity
5. Ideal packaging requirements
must be protect the preparation from environmental
conditions.
must not be reactive with the product.
must not impact to the product tastes or odor.
must be nontoxic.
must be FDA approved.
must meet applicable tamper-resistance
requirements.
must not be the cause of product degradation.
must be adaptable to commonly employed high
speed packaging equipment.
6. Functions of packaging
Product Identifications
Product protection
Facilitating the use of products
Product promotion
Marketing
Convenience
Barrier protection
Security
Information transmission
7. Types of packaging
1. Primary packaging: is the material that first
envelops the product and holds it.
This is usually the smallest unit of distribution or use
and is the package which is in direct with the
contents.
Examples: Ampoules, Vials, containers, dosing
dropper, closures(plastic, metal), syringe package,
blister packaging
8. 2. Secondary packaging: is the outside the primary
packaging perhaps used to group primary packages
together.
examples: paper and boards, cartons, corrugated
fibers, box
9. 3. Tertiary packaging: is used for bulk handling,
warehouse storage and transport shipping.
The most common form is palletized unit load that
packs tightly into container.
10. Types of packaging material
Glass
Metals
Rubbers
Plastics
Fibrous material
Films, Foil and laminates
11. GLASS
Widely used
Sand + soda ash + limestone + cullet
Si,Al,Na,K,Ca,Mg,Zn & Ba are generally used into preparation of
glass
ADVANTAGES
Hygienic and suitable for sterilization
Relatively non-reactive
Accept a variety of closures
Used on high speed packaging lines
Transparent
Good protection power
Easily labeled
DISADVANTAGES
Relatively heavy
Fragile so easily broken
Release alkali to aqueous preparation
12. Types of glasses
Type I (Neutral or Borosilicate glass)
Type II (Treated soda lime glass)
Type III (Soda lime glass)
Type IV (General purpose soda lime glass)
13. Type I:
Least reactive
Higher ingredients and processing cost therefore
used for more senstive p’ceutical products such as
parenteral or blood products
Mostly ampoules and vials are made up of Type I
glass
Type II:
Higher chemical resistance but not as much as type I
Cheaper than Type I
Acceptable for most products accept blood products
and aqueous pharmaceutical with pH less than 7.
14. Type III and Type IV Glass
Have a similar composition and are distinguished
from each other on the basis of Hydraulic
Resistance
Type III has average or slight better then average
resistance and is suitable for non-aqueous
parenteral products.
Normally dry sterilized before being filled
Type IV has lowest hydraulic resistance and is
suitable for solid products, some liquids and semi
solids and not for parenteral
15. METALS
Used for the medicinal products for non-parenteral
administration
Metal is strong,opaque,impermiable to
moisture,gases, odors, light, bacteria, and
shetterproof, it is the ideal packaging material for
pressurized containers
Resistant to high and low temperature
They include tubes, packs made from foil or
blisters,cans and aerosol and gas cylinders
16. ALUMINIUM
Relatively light yet strong
Barriers to light and chemicals
Impermeable
Easy to work into a variety of formats , depending on its
thickness
Thickest aluminium-rigid containers such as aerosol cans
Intermediate thickness are when mechanical integrity is
important but the pack should be capable of being reformed
under a reasonable force.
Thinnest aluminium is used in flexible foil that are usually a
component of laminated packaging material
Disadvantage
Reactivity in raw state
Corrosion-To overcome this problem, Aluminium is lined with
epoxide, vinyl or phenolic resins
17. RUBBERS (Elastomers)
Excellent material for forming seals, used to form closures such as
bugs for vials
Categories of rubbers
NATURAL RUBBER
Suitable for multiple use closures for injectable products
Disadvantages it doesn’t well tolerate multiple autoclaving becoming
brittle.
Risk of product absorbing on or into a rubber.
It has certain degree of moisture & gas permeation.
SYNTHETIC RUBBER
Experience less sorption product ingredients.
E.g. silicone, butyl, Bromobutyl, Chlorbutyl etc.
Silicone is least reactive but it dose experience permeability to
moisture and gas
18. Plastics
According to the British standards institutes plastics represents:
“ A wide range of solid composite materials which are largely organic, usually
based upon synthetic resins or upon modified polymers of natural origin and
possessing appreciable mechanical strength. At a suitable stage in their
manufacturing, most plastics can be cast, molded or polymerized directly into
shape.”
CLASSES OF PLASTICS
Two classes of plastics, reflecting the behavior with respect to individual or
repeated exposure to heating or cooling
1. THERMOPLASTICS:
Capable of being shaped after initial heating and solidifying by cooling .
Resistance to breakage and cheap to produce
Eg. Polystyrene, polyethylene and PVC
2. THERMOSETS:
They need heat for the processing into a permanent shape.
During heating such a material form permanent crosslinks between the linear
chains, resulting in a solidification and loss of plastic flow
Eg. Phenolic, urea and melamine
19. USES:
Used for many types of pack including:
rigid bottles for tablets and capsules, squeezable bottles for eye
drops and nasal spray, jars, flexible tubes and strip and blister
pack
ADVANTAGES:
Least expensive than glasses
Ease of transportation
No risk of breakage
Flexible
Light in weight
DISADVANTAGES:
Not as chemically inert as Type-I glass
Not as impermeable to gas and vapor as glass
May possess an electrostatic charge which will attract particles
20. TYPES OF PLASTICS
1. POLYETHYLENE
used as high and low density polyethylene
LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE(LDPE): preferred
plastics for the squeeze bottles.
Properties: ease of processing, barrier to moisture,
strength/toughness, flexibility, ease of sealing
HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE(HDPE): less
permeable to gases and more resistance to oils,
chemicals and solvents
Properties: stiffness, strength/toughness, resistance to
chemicals.
Widely used for solid dosage form
Drawback: prone to stress cracking in the presence of
surfactants or vegetable or mineral oils.
21. POLYSTYRENE
Versatile, Insulation, Clarity, Easily foamed(“Styrofoam”)
Used for the jars for ointment and creams with low water
content
Drawback: chemicals like isopropyl myristate produce crazing
(a fine network of the surface crack) followed by weakening
and eventually collapsible of the container
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
Versatility, ease of blending strength/toughness, resistance to
grease/oil , resistance to chemicals, clarity
Used as rigid packaging material and main component of
intravenous bags
Drawback: poor impact resistance which can be improved by
adding elastomers to the plastics but it will increase its
permeability
22. POLYVINYLEDENE CHOLRIDE
Excellent better properties against: moisture, water
vapor, UV light, aroma, inorganic acids, aqueous salt
solutions, organic water soluble acid, aliphatic
hydrocarbons, eater of long chain fatty acid, detergent
based materials, emulsifying agents and wetting agents
Good thermoform ability
PVDC is very cost-effective, as coating weight can be
customized depending on the requirement of the barrier
properties.
Medical grade and non-toxic
High levels of transparency which improve the aesthetics
of products
23. FIBROUS MATERIALS
Important part of p’ceutical packaging
Fibrous material includes: papers, labels, cartons,
bags, outers, trays for shrink wraps, layer boards, on
pallets, etc
Applications and advantages of cartons
Increases display area
Provides a better stacking for display of stock items
Assembles leaflets
Provides physical protection especially to items like
metal collapsible tubes
Fiberboard outers either as solid or corrugated board
also fine substantial application for bulk shipments
24. FILMS, FOILS & LAMINATES
Regenerated cellulose film based on viscose(chemical used
for manufacturing of rayon) & laminating two or more types of
films, cellulose coating, foil and paper play diff roles such as
supportive, barrier, heat seal and decorative
Uses of films, foils, laminates:
Strip packs
Blister packs
Sachets
Diaphargm seal for bottles
Liners for boxes either attached or loose bag-in-box systems &
bags
FOIL BLISTERS: when sealed with metal foil-over, the blister
can provide a hermetic pack i.e an isolated system which
excludes any exchange of gases between the product and
surrounding atmosphere
25. ALU-ALU FOIL
Best p’ceutical packaging for the tablet, capsules, which
is taking place of PVC film.
CHARECTERISTICS
Applicable to tablets, capsules, pills, etc
It’s a good substitute for PVC sheet
No cracking, delamination or pinholes
It has the quite good blocking properties effectively
protecting drugs from water vapor, oxygen and ultraviolet
It can extend the storage period of drugs
Particularly suitable for packing moisture-sensitive drugs
or those sold in the hot and humid climate
Shaped easily by changing the mold
Nice appearance can upgrade drug’s image
26. BLISTER PACK
Commonly used as unit dose packaging for
p’ceutical tablets, capsules or lozenges
Two principle components:
A formed base web creating the
cavity inside which the product fits
The lidding foil for dispensing
the product out of the pack
27. CAVITY TYPES
1. THERMOFORMING
A plastic film or sheet is unwound from the reel and
guided through a pre-heating station on the blister
line
The temperature of the pre-heating plates (upper
and lower) is such a that the plastics will soften and
become moldable
28. COLD FORMING
An aluminum based laminate film is simply pressed
into a mold by means of stamp
The aluminum will be elongated and maintain the
formed shape
Advantages: near complete barrier for water and
oxygen, allowing an extended product expiry date
Disadvantages: slow speed of production compared
to thermoforming an lack of transparency of the
package and larger size of blister card
29. STRIP PACKING
Commonly used for the packaging of tablets and
capsules
A strip package is formed by feeding two webs os a
eat sealable flexible film through a heated crimping
roller
The product is dropped into the pocket formed
before forming the final set of seals.
A continuous strip of packets is formed which is cut
to desired numbers of packets in length
The material used for strip package are cellophane,
polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene,
polyvinylchloride
30. CLOSURES
Closures are the devices by means of which container can be
opened and closed
Proper closing of the container is necessary because
1. It prevents loss of material by spilling or volatilization
2. It avoid the contamination of the products from dirt,
microorganisms or insects
3. It prevents deterioration of the product from the effect of the
environment such as moisture, oxygen or carbon dioxide
Materials used for closures are:
Cork
Glass
Plastics
Metal
Rubber
31. SYMBOLS USED ON PACKAGES AND
LABELS
Many types of symbol for package labelling are
nationally and internationally standardized.
For product certification, trademarks, proof of
purchase , identification code, etc
32. DEFECTS IN PACKAGING
Inclusion of product or foreign material in seal area
Misplaced lids/ tops/ closures or crimp seals
Holes or crack in empty vials/ ampoules
Invisible defects/leaks
Color defects in primary packaging