RNA plays an essential role in protein synthesis. It has a ribose sugar backbone and nitrogenous bases linked to the sugar. The three main types of RNA are transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and messenger RNA (mRNA). tRNA transfers amino acids to growing protein chains. rRNA is the catalytic component of ribosomes and combines with proteins to form ribosomes. mRNA carries protein sequence information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.

1. Ribonucleic
acid (RNA)
ATHEER AHMED ABED
1330129
Molecular Biology and Genetics
The university of Georgia

2. Nucleic Acids
nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides
they include dna(deoxyribonucleic acid) and
rna(ribonucleic acid);
RNA

3. Nucleotide
PURINES PYRIMIDINES RIBOSE DEOXYRIBOSE
NITROGENOUS PENTOSE PHOSPHATE
BASES SUGAR GROUP

4. Nitrogenous bases
Cytosine(C) Thymine(T) Uracil(U)
Adenine(A) Guanine(G)
Pyrimidines
Purines

5. Structure of RNA
back bone is sugar and phosphate group
nitrogenous bases linked to sugar moiety project from the
backbone
nitrogenous bases are linked to pentose sugar through n -
glycosidic linkage to form a nucleoside
phosphate group is linked with 3’oh of nucleoside through
phosphoester linkage

6. More and more such groups will be linked to form a
poly nucleotide chain
At other end, ribose has free 3’-OH group which is
called as the 3’-end of polynucleotide chain
In RNA, every nucleotide has an additional-oh
present at 2’-position of ribose

7. Ribonucleic acid
ribonucleic acid, or RNA is one of the
major biological macromolecules that
are essential for all known forms of life
(along with DNA and proteins)
 each nucleotide in RNA contains
a ribose sugar, with carbons numbered
1' through 5'. a base is attached to the
1' position, in general,
adenine (a), cytosine (c),
guanine(g), and uracil (u).

8. Structure of RNA

9. Types of RNA
TRANSFER RNA (TRNA)
RIBOSOMAL RNA (RRNA)
MESSENGER RNA (MRNA)

10. Transfer RNA(tRNA)
transfer rna (trna) is a small rna
chain of about 80 nucleotides
 it transfers a specific amino acid to
a growing polypeptide chain at the
ribosomal site of protein synthesis
during translation
 it has sites for amino acid
attachment and an anticodon region
for codon recognition that binds to a
specific sequence on the messenger
rna chain through hydrogen bonding

11. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
ribosomal rna (rrna) is the catalytic
component of the ribosomes
 eukaryotic ribosomes contain four
different rrna molecules: 18s, 5.8s, 28s and
5s rrna
 three of the rrna molecules are
synthesized in the nucleolus, and one is
synthesized elsewher
. in the cytoplasm, ribosomal rna and
protein combine to form a nucleoprotein
called a ribosome
 the ribosome binds mrna and carries out
protein synthesis
 several ribosomes may be attached to a
single mrna at any time.
nearly all the rna found in a typical
eukaryotic cell is rrna.

12. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
 messenger rna (mrna) carries information
about a protein sequence to the ribosomes,
the protein synthesis factories in the cell
 it is coded so that every three nucleotides (a
codon) correspond to one amino acid
 . in eukaryotic cells, once precursor mrna
(pre-mrna) has been transcribed from dna,
it is processed to mature mrna

13. Double-stranded RNA

14. FUNCTIONS OF DIFFERENT RNA
mRNA – It carries genetic formation of DNA ( Gene ) for protein
synthesis from nucleus to ribosome in the form of genetic code
tRNA – Acts as adapter molecule ,carries Amino Acid and drops it to
particular location by recognising codon on mRNA by virtue of having
anticodon
rRNA – It makes complex with proteins and form ribosomal subunits
which provide space for protein synthesis ,single ribosomal RNA of
smaller subunit helps correct orientation of mRNA during attachment
with respect to P and A sites
11/15/2016 STRUCTURE OF NUCLEIC ACID:RNA 14

15. RNA types & functions
D DOBBS ISU - BCB 444/544X: RNA STRUCTURE PREDICTION
Types of RNAs Primary Function(s)
mRNA - messenger translation (protein synthesis)
regulatory
rRNA - ribosomal translation (protein synthesis) <catalytic>
t-RNA - transfer translation (protein synthesis)
hnRNA - heterogeneous nuclear precursors & intermediates of mature
mRNAs & other RNAs
scRNA - small cytoplasmic signal recognition particle (SRP)
tRNA processing <catalytic>
snRNA - small nuclear
snoRNA - small nucleolar
mRNA processing, poly A addition <catalytic>
rRNA processing/maturation/methylation
regulatory RNAs (siRNA,
miRNA, etc.)
regulation of transcription and translation,
L Samaraweera 2005

16. References:
Biochemistry by U.satyanarayana
Principle of biochemistry (lehninger)
Micheal M. Cox and David l. Nelson