This presentation contains ;- 1. Introduction of research 2. Meaning of research 3. Definition of research 4. Need of nursing research 5. Methods of acquiring knowledge 6. Problem solving method 7. Scientific method 8. Steps of scientific methods 9. Characteristics of good research 10. Qualities of a good researcher 11. Ethics in nursing research 12. Informed consent 13. Types of research 14. Quantitative research 15. Qualitative research 16. Mixed method of research 17. Research based on purpose 18. Purpose based research 19. Applied research 20. Research process 21. Steps of quantitative research process 22. Conceptual frame work 23. Formulating research problem 24. Determining study objectives 25. Review of literature 26. Developing conceptual framework 27. Formulating hypothesis 28. Design and planning phase 29. Research approach or research design 30. Specify population 31. sampling 32. Developing tool for data collection 33. Establishing ethical consideration 34. Conducting the pilot study 35. Pilot study 36. Empirical phase 37. Sample selection 38. Data collection 39. Preparing for data analysis 40. Analytic phase 41. Dissemination phase 42. Steps in qualitative research process 43. Role of nurse in research

1. RESEARCH AND
RESEARCH PROCESS
Presented By – Mr. Atul Yadav
(RN,RM).

2. INTRODUCTION
• In any profession, research is necessary to invention of
new technology and techniques its help to improve
the body of knowledge in profession.
• Nursing Research nurses need the scientific
knowledge required to be a competent nurse
practitioner.

3. MEANING OF RESEARCH?
The word Research is derived from the French word
“recherche”, which means “to go about seeking”,
Old French term “recerchier” a compound word
from
“re-” + “cerchier”
The earliest recorded use of the term was in 1577.

4. RE – SEARCH
The prefix “re” means “again” and signifies
replication of the search.
One seeks new knowledge or to directly
utilize knowledge specific to life situations.
• Research seeks answers to questions in
an orderly and systematic way
• It is a method of problem solving

5. • Research is a careful inquiry or
examination in seeking facts or
principles, a diligent investigation to
ascertain something.
• It is a scientific process. It is called scientific
because the results are verifiable.
• It is systematic search for answers to
questions about facts & relationship
between facts .
Definition OF RESEARCH

6. Definitionofresearch
• Research is an organized investigation of a
problem.
• Research is a problem solving process, a
systematic, intensive study directed
towards full, scientific knowledge of the
subject studied. (French Ruth)
• Research is a process which systematically
searches for new facts and relationship .
(Notter)

7. • Research may be defined as planned, systematic
search for
information for the purpose of increasing the
total body of man’s knowledge. It involves
looking for information which at the time is not
available or for which that available or for which
that has no generally accepted evidence.
(Arnold Lancester)
Cont…

8. NEED FOR NURSING RESEARCH
Nursing Research helps to:
•Build and expand the body of
nursing knowledge,
•Validate and refine the existing nursing
practice,
•Make health care efficient and cost-
effective.

9. NEED FOR NURSING RESEARCH
• To Develop, refine, and extend the scientific base
of knowledge, which is required for quality nursing
care, education, and administration.
• To Enhance the body of professional knowledge in
nursing.
• ToProvide foundation for EBN practices.
• To Help in expansion of knowledge, which is
essential for continued growth of nursing
profession.

10. NEED FOR NURSING RESEARCH
•To Enhance their professional identity as research
is an essential component of any profession.
•To Define the parameters of nursing, which will
help nurses to identify boundaries of nursing
profession.
•To Refine and eliminate old knowledge so that it
helps in elimination of nursing actions that have no
effect on the achievement of desired client
outcomes.

11. METHODS OF ACQUIRING
KNOWLEDGE
• Tradition - based on
customs/beliefs
• Authority - by power
and expertise
• Intuition
• Experience
• Trial and error
UNSTRUCTURED METODS STRUCTURED METHODS
• Inductive reasoning
• Deductive reasoning
• Assembled information
• Problem solving
• Scientific method/
Research

12. PROBLEM- SOLVING METHOD
• A problem is viewed as a gap between ‘what is’ and ‘what
should be’. Traditional problem-solving usually
involved involves the six steps elaborated here.
Problem
identification
Problem
analysis
Developing
solution
Implementing
solution
Evaluating
results
Standardise
Solution

13. SCIENTIFIC METHOD:-
 It is systematic investigations that are rooted in objective reality
that aim to develop general knowledge about natural
phenomena.
 It is based on empirical and measurable evidence which
reduces the chances of bias.

14. Scientific Method
Steps
7
Formulate a question for scientific enquiry
Do preliminary review of literature
Formulate hypothesis
Test the hypothesis through an experiment
Analyze the data and draw conclusion
Communicate the findings

15. CHARACTERISTICS OF
GOOD RESEARCH
 Orderly and systematic process
 Goal-directed
 Empirical/Objective
 Based on current professional
issues
 Finding solution of a problem
 Patiently and unhurried activity
 Reproducibility
 Accuracy
 Originality
 Training investigators
 Use appropriate methodology
 Conducted on representative
sample
 Use valid and reliable data
collection tools
 Carefully recorded and reported
 Appropriately analysed research

17. ETHICS IN NURSING RESEARCH
• Ethics refers to moral principles that should be considered while
making decisions.
• The Nuremberg Code came into existence in 1947 after the
exposure of Nazi atrocities during the Second World War.
• The Belmont Report the National Commission for the Protection
of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioural Research
(USA) has served as many ethical guidelines adopted by several
disciplines.

18. • Voluntary human consent is essential
• Experimental results should good for society
• Anticipated result should justify the experiment
• Avoids all physical and mental suffering
• No experiment if there is a chance of death or disability
• Minimize risk of subjects
• Proper preparation and facilities to protect subject
• Experiments conducted only by qualified persons.
• Subjects can withdraw at anytime

19. ETHICS IN NURSING RESEARCH
The broad ethical principles outlined by Belmont Report
are as follows:
 Principle of beneficence
 Principle of respect for human dignity
 Principle of justice
 Informed consent

20. ETHICS IN NURSING RESEARCH
• Principle of beneficence
• Risk–benefit ratio
• Protect from harmful effect
• Freedom and avoid discomfort to study participants.
• Benefit from research
• Principle of justice
• Fair and non discriminatory selection of participants
• Confidentiality of information must be maintained.
• Avoid overuse in vulnerable groups like children

21. ETHICS IN NURSING RESEARCH
• Principle of respect for human dignity
• Right to self determination
• Right to full disclosure
• Participants have the right to quit from the study at
any stage.

22. INFORMED CONSENT
 Written Informed consent from the prospective study
participants has become an essential requirement in nursing
research.
 Assent is the term used instead of consent when the underage
child chooses to participate in a study.
 The material provided to participants (Subject/patient
information sheet) should be in their preferred language and at
their reading level.

23. TYPES OF RESEARCH
• Research is classified based on either an approach of
studying variable or the purpose of conducting the research.
• These classification are as follows:
1. Quantitative research, Qualitative research and mixed method
research
2. Basic research and applied research

24. Egg
- Quantity- number, shape, size, color etc.
-Quality - smell, taste, aroma etc.
Experience of patient about nursing care?

25. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
• It is an enquiry into an identified problem based on testing a
theory composed of variables, measured with numbers and
analysed using statistical techniques.
• In this types of research data is collected in numerical form
and analysed by using descriptive and inferential statistics.
• The three major types of quantitative research design are
experimental, quasi experimental and nonexperimental

26. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

27. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
• Qualitative research is a field of enquiry that crosscuts
disciplines and subject matter. It involves an in depth
understanding of human behaviours,
• it concerned with the opinions, experiences, and feeling of
individuals producing subject data, Here data is collectedin
descriptive form rather than numerical form
• The five major types of qualitative research design are
phenomenology, ethnography, grounded theory, case study, and
historical research.

28. MIXED METRHOD RESEARCH
• Nursing research study deals with a complex phenomenon, which cannot
be answered completely by qualitative or quantitative research method
alone so mixed method is considered as a better alternative to answer a
research question.
• Mixed method research approach involved in numerical and
descriptive narrations in a study.
• The four types of mixed method research design are convergent research,
explanatory sequential research, exploratorysequential research,
embedded research design
• ( E.g.) A researcher use convergent design to understand thenurses attitude
about care of HIV patients

29. MIXED METRHOD
RESEARCH

30. MIXED METRHOD
RESEARCH

31. BASED ON PURPOSE
Basic research
- it is performed without a specific purpose in mind rather its
primary concerned with generation of new knowledge.
- It is a formal and systematic process leading to the development
of theories. There is no immediate commercial value of the result
as its main motivation is to expand the body of knowledge
- ( E.g.) A researcher carries out a study on effect of
participatory culture in an organisation on work
performance of employees.

32. APPLIED RESEARCH
• Applied research refer to those studies that have functional
purposes and practical use or application. They focus on
immediate solution to an existing problem.
• This type of research help to solve problem, make decisions,
develop something new for immediate use
• ( E.g.) A study to assess the effectiveness of two different
techniques of pin site care for prevention of pin site infection.

33. RESEARCH PROCESS:-
• It is a step by step process involves identifying, locating,
assessing and analysing the research question then developing
and expressing your ideas in order to find answer and ways in
which they are carried out.
- Quantitative research process
- Qualitative research process

34. STEPS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH PROCESS
The quantitative research process can be broadly
categorised into the following phases:
♣ Conceptual phase
♣ Design and planning phase
♣ Empirical phase
♣ Analytic phase
♣ Disseminating phase

35. CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK:
♣ Formulating the research problem
♣ Determine the study objective
♣ Review of literature
♣ Developing conceptual framework
♣ Formulating hypothesis and assumption

36. FORMULATING RESEARCH
PROBLEM
• Generally start with broad topic area and later narrowed to specific topic
of the study
• PICOT model guide for formulating a clinical research question
– P- Population
– I- Intervention
– C- Comparison group
– O- Outcome of interest
– T- Time
• Check 4 Dimension
– Substantive dimension
– Methodological dimension
– Practical dimension
– Ethical dimension

37. DETERMINING STUDY OBJECTIVES
• There must be a clear direction to every research project and
objectives certainly serve this purpose. It may be general and
specific objective for a research project.
• This step of research process also includes writing
operational definition of the variables under the study.

38. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
• A literature review is a summary of previous knowledge generated
on the topic of study.
• Review of literature helps the researcher to understand what is
already known about the topic and what need to be further
investigated.
• The sources of ROL such as books, journals, research report,
unpublished theses, newspaper, magazines, and electronic data
base,

39. DEVELOPING CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
• The basic aim of quantitative research in most discipline is to
develop, refine or test theories.
• Most of the nursing researcher plan to develop a conceptual
framework based on the existing nursing or non nursing
theories.
• The conceptual framework not only provide meaning to research
problem but also help in developing hypothesis or assumptions
for research study.

40. FORMULATING HYPOTHESIS
• Hypothesis is an assumed statementsuggesting an
answer to a question, which may or may not be
true.
• It is a prediction of what is expected to be the outcome
of the study, which is either accepted or rejected
• ( E.g.) A study on alcohol intake and incidence of liver
disease among people of an urban area. here
hypothesis may be considered as alcoholic have higher
incidence of liver disease.

41. DESIGN AND PLANNING PHASE
Selecting the research approach and design
 Specifying the population
 Developing tool for data collection
 Establishing ethical consideration
 Conducting Pilot study

42. RESEARCH APPROACH/DESIGN
• Research design is the blue print of research study, which enables the
researcher to know on whom, what, when, where, and how the study will be
conducted.
• Experimental – it must have three characteristics that is manipulation,
randomization and control group
• Quasi experimental- it involve manipulation of independent variable to
observe the effect on dependent variables, but usually there is absence of
randomization or control group.
• Non experimental – it involve study of research variables without
manipulation them in natural setting for the purpose of description,
exploration, explanation, and correlation between two or more
variables.

43. SPECIFY THE POPULATION:-
• Research population is an aggregate of all the subjects or
objects with specific characteristics. ( E.g.) A study on
prevalence of health care associated infection among
patient admitted in ICU
.

44. DEVELOPING TOOL FOR DATA COLLECTION -
• This is the most important and crucial step of the research
process the tool for data collection depends on several factor
such as type of research design, variables, subjects, available
resources and time for the study.
• The researcher use standardized tool or develop new tool, it
• must be used after establishing their validity and reliability.

45. ESTABLISHING ETHICAL CONSIDERATION
• Obtaining ethical approval from IEC
• Taking informed consent from participants
• Obtaining the permission from competent authority of
a health care facility
• Maintaining confidentiality of the information

46. CONDUCTING PILOT STUDY
• Pilot study is a kind of small scale rehearsal on the
subjects, but these subjects are not a part of the actual
study.
• Pilot study conducted to ensure the feasibility of the
study.

47. EMPIRICAL PHASE
• Sample selection
• Data collection
• Preparation of data for analysis

48. SAMPLE SELECTION
• It is not practically possible to conduct study on entire population.
Therefore researcher must select representative
• Part of the population
• A sample can be selected by using either probability or non
probability sampling techniques.

49. DATA COLLECTION
• It is most time consuming steps of research process
which involves direct or indirect interaction to get
information
• Data collection require adequate planning, patience,
communication, and IPR. Data could be collect
through questioning, interviewing, or observation
methods

50. PREPARING DATA FOR ANALYSIS
• In Quantitative studies careful checking of every tool for its
completeness and coding is the main activity during this step of
research process
• It must ensure that one code specifies only one piece of
information, and it should be maintained carefully to avoid any
error.
• Coding can be carried out manually on a paper sheet, or
computer grading sheet or directly in statistical software

51. ANALYTIC PHASE:
ANALYSING DATA & INTERPRETING THE FINDINGS
• In quantitative research studies numerical data must be
organised in an orderly and sequential manner, and analysis
and interpretation of data using appropriate descriptive and
inferential statistics.
• Data may be analysed either manual calculation or by using
statistical programme for social sciences (SPSS), Epi- info,
STATA, Minitab PASS.
• Data is presented through tables, graphs, and chart.

52. DISSEMINATION PHASE:
COMMUNICATING RESEARCH FINDINGS
• Research finding may be communicated through writing of
research thesis, article, or presentation an oral research report at
scientific conference

53. STEPS IN QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH PROCESS

54. Identifying research problem
Selecting research approach and design
Formulating broad study objectives
Entry in research setting
Review of relevant literature
Selecting a small sample

55. Establish ethical consideration
Analysis and interpretation of data
Planning tool for data collection
Organizing data for analysis
Collecting data
Disseminating the research findings

56. RoleofnurseinResearch
 Advocate of client or respondents during study
 Major/ principal Investigator
 Evaluator of a research findings
 Research problem identifier
 Informants / respondents / subjects / participants or
sample population
 Consumer of research findings
 Associate or member of research team