Chapter 5 Routing.pptx

Chapter 5: Routing Technologies
Part One
TCP/IP AND OSI MODELS

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© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Chapter Objectives
 IP Routing
 Routing VS Routed protocols
 Static Routing VS Dynamic Routing
 Advantages and Disadvantages of each one
 Interfaces vs Lines
 Setting Up Simple Network

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Introduction
 It’s time now to turn our focus toward the core topic of IP routing
process.
 It’s integral to networking because it pertains to all routers and
configurations that use it.
 IP routing is basically the process of moving packets from
one network to another network using routers.
 And by routers, I mean Cisco routers, of course! However, the
terms router and layer 3 device are interchangeable

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A router has the capability to read the Layer 3
header of an IP packet and make a decision on how
to proceed in forwarding the packet.
When a packet enters an interface on a router, it is
de-encapsulated by removing the Layer 2 header
information, such as the source and destination MAC
addresses.
Introduction

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 However, the router takes a look at the destination IPv4 or
IPv6 address and checks its routing table for a suitable route.
 The routing table is dynamically updated when a local
interface on the router is assigned an IP address and is
enabled. In addition, the router has the capability of running
dynamic routing protocols that allow other routers on the
network to exchange routes.
 A route is simply a path to reach a destination network;
without any routes, a router won't be able to forward packets
to their destinations.
Introduction

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Introduction

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Routing protocol and Routed Protocol
 Before jumping into this chapter, I want to make sure you
understand the difference between a routing protocol and a routed
protocol.
 Routers use routing protocols to dynamically find all networks within
the greater internetwork and to ensure that all routers have the
same routing table.
 Routing protocols are also employed to determine the best path a
packet should take through an internetwork to get to its destination
most efficiently. RIP, RIPv2, EIGRP, and OSPF are great examples
of the most common routing protocols.

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Routing protocol and Routed Protocol
 Once all routers know about all networks, a
routed protocol can be used to send user data
(packets) through the established enterprise.
 Routed protocols are assigned to an interface
and determine the method of packet delivery.
 Examples of routed protocols are IP and IPv6.

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Routing Methods
 There are three basic methods of building a routing
table: Statically, Directly connected or Dynamically.
 Directly connected routes: Automatically entered in the
routing table when an interface is activated with an IP
address
 Static routes: Manually configured by the network
administrator and entered in the routing table if the exit
interface for the static route is active.
 Dynamic routes: Learned by the routers through sharing
routes with other routers that use the same routing
protocol

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Routing Methods
 A static routing table is created, maintained, and updated
by a network administrator, manually.
 A static route to every network must be configured on
every router for full connectivity.
 This provides a granular level of control over routing, but
quickly becomes impractical on large networks.

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Static Routing
 Routers will not share static routes with each other,
thus reducing CPU/RAM overhead and saving
bandwidth.
 However, static routing is not fault-tolerant, as any
change to the routing infrastructure (such as a link
going down, or a new network added) requires manual
intervention.
 Routers operating in a purely static environment
cannot seamlessly choose a better route if a link
becomes unavailable.

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Dynamic routing
 A dynamic routing table is created, maintained, and updated
by a routing protocol running on the router.
 Examples of routing protocols include RIP (Routing
Information Protocol), EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway
Routing Protocol), and OSPF (Open Shortest Path First).

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Dynamic routing
 Routers do share dynamic routing information with
each other, which increases CPU, RAM, and
bandwidth usage.
 However, routing protocols are capable of
dynamically choosing a different (or better) path
when there is a change to the routing
infrastructure.

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Advantages and Disadvantages Static Routing
 • Minimal CPU/Memory overhead
 • No bandwidth overhead (updates are not shared between
routers)
 • Granular control on how traffic is routed
 Disadvantages
 • Infrastructure changes must be manually adjusted
 • No “dynamic” fault tolerance if a link goes down
 • Impractical on large network

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Advantages and Disadvantages Dynamic Routing
 • Simpler to configure on larger networks
 • Will dynamically choose a different (or better) route if a link goes
down
 • Ability to load balance between multiple links
 Disadvantages
 • Updates are shared between routers, thus consuming bandwidth
 • Routing protocols put additional load on router CPU/RAM
 • The choice of the “best route” is in the hands of the routing protocol,
and not the network administrator

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Interfaces vs Lines
 Interfaces are identified by both the type of interface, and the
interface number (which always begins at “0”). Thus, the first
Ethernet interface on a router would be identified as Ethernet0.
 Certain router families (such as the 3600 series) are modular, and
have multiple “slots” for interfaces.
 Thus, interfaces on these routers are identified by both the
module number and the interface number, formatted as:
module/interface.
 Thus, the third Fast Ethernet interface on the first modular slot
would be identified as FastEthernet0/2.

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Using Lines to Configure the IOS
 From the PC, software such as HyperTerminal is
required to make a connection from the local serial port
to the router console port.
 Some Cisco devices include an auxiliary port, in addition
to the console port.
 The auxiliary port can function similarly to a console port,
and can be accessed using a rollover cable.
 Additionally, auxiliary ports support modem commands,
thus providing dial-in access to Cisco devices.

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Setting Up Simple Network Using CLI Cisco Packet Tracer
Guideline: look the below Fig.

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 Let us go!!
 Step –go privilege Mode
Router>en
 Step2: Configuration Mode
Router#config t
 Step3- Rename the device (Optional)
 Router(config)#hostname R1
 Step 4- Enables the F0/0 interface.
 R1(config)#int f0/0
 Step 5-Sets the IP address and subnet mask for the f0/0 interface
 R1(config-if)#ip add 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
 R1(config-if)#no shut
 Step 7 -Exits interface configuration mode and returns to global configuration mode.
 R1(config-if)#Exit

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 Let us Configure The Other side
 Step 1- Enables the F1/0 interface.
 R1(config)#int f1/0
 Step 5-Sets the IP address and subnet mask for
the f0/0 interface
 R1(config-if)#ip add 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0
 R1(config-if)#no shut

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 Let us Configure The PCs
 Step 1- click the pc1
 Choose Desktop Menue
 Step -Sets the IP address and subnet mask for manual
(See the Fig)

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THE PING COMMAND
 Use a ping in oder to test your network .
 ping is probably the most basic TCP/IP command line tool.
Its main purpose is to determine whether you can reach
another computer from your computer.
 It uses Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) to send
mandatoryECHO_REQUEST datagrams to the specified
host computer.
 When the reply is received back from the host,
the ping command displays how long it took to receive the
response.

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Example 2

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Class Work

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