4. By
Dr Samantri Jyothi.
1st year MD
Ayurveda samhita and siddhnta
Govt. Ayurveda Medical College, Mysuru
Under the guidance of
Dr. Shreevathsa sir
Prof. & Head of PG Studies
Dept of Ayurveda Samhita and Siddhanta
Govt. Ayurveda medical college and Hospital, Mysuru..
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5. CONTENTS
1. Introduction to Nyayas
2. Definition of Nyaya
3. Classification of Nyaya
4. Kapinjaladhikarana Nyaya
Context
Padartha jnana
Prakriya vijnana
Yukti
5. Application of Nyaya
6. Conclusion
7. References
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6. INTRODUCTION
Nyaya’s signifies a didactic statement which
pertains to some philosophy in a context. In
Sanskrit maxim is recognized under the term of
Nyaya. It is basically seen by general public as a
more logical proposition. They are specifically
used when characterizing a situation. By the midst
of Sanskrit development, most of the texts in
classical Sanskrit seem to have consisted to
maxims variegated circumstances.
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7. The genesis of this evolution was the influence of Rig-
Veda and related Vedic books post Vedic scriptures like
Puranas, Upanishads, Kavya, Nataka, Darshanas..etc.
Ayurveda being the Upaveda of Atharva Veda, also
explains various maxims to enlighten their treatise and for
the easy understanding of the topics. as these maxims are
commonly used by the people, Ayurveda scholars found it
as an easy tool for the clarification of the views that they
want to put forth in their Samhita’s. Later on the
commentators of these Samhita’s integrated a number of
Nyayas to explore the exact meaning of the actual verses.
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8. DEFINITION of NYAYA :
Nyaya can be defined as “a method or general
rule or logical explanation or a principle through
which various concepts are understood or
explained.”
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9. CLASSIFICATION :
लौकिि न्याय
Nyayas used by public in day to day life
Ex : Kakataliaya Nyaya ((i.e. when a crow sits on the
fruit of Taala, if it falls, then we say that due to crow
it get fell. But this is an accidental process.)
शास्त्रीय न्याय
Nyayas used by the authors of the treatise to explore
their concepts
Ex : Kapinjaladhikarana Nyaya.
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10. Most commonly by using the meaning and gist
of Loukika Nyaya, the Shastriya Nyayas were put
forth by the Granthakaras. The Nyayas like –
Simhavalokana Nyaya, Kupamanduka Nyaya,
Kakataliya Nyaya etc are commonly used in
literature as well as day to day life.
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14. प्रकिय ववज्ञाि - Phenomenon
During Yyagnanushtana, a person asked to give
Bali of Kapinjala Pakshi. But in the sentence
“Kapinjalan Aalabhet” it is not clearly mentioned
that how many Kapinjala Pakshi have to be given
Bali. So to understand this as it is Bahuvachana in
the Shloka, it is three or more than three
Kapinjala Pakshi has to be considered.
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15. युक्ति – Application :
So, according to this Nyaya, whenever
there is mentioning of Bahuvachana, one should
consider it as 3 or more than 3.
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16. Chakrapani mentioned Kapinjaladhikarana Nyaya in
the context of Chitrakadya Gutika of Grahani
Chikitsadhyaya. As mentioned earlier,
Kapinjaladhikarana Nyaya is for Anukta (where
numbers are not fixed) contexts. Even though, here in
this context, Acharya Charaka has mentioned
“Lavanani” which clearly says anukta Sankhya of
Lavana, but Chakrapani clarifies this hidden concept by
saying,
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17. चचत्रक
त त्यादौ िविातन चतत्यत्र िवपंजलाचििरण
न्यायॆन िवित्रयलमच्छंत्; किं त्वनियिे स न्यायॊ
र्वनि, इह ्ु िंचिविानां प्रािान्यतन दीर्घंजीवविीये
तनहदणष्ित्वा् िंचिविस्य च शक्यॊिादानत्वा्
िंचैव िविातन ग्राह्याणि |
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18. As in Charaka Sutra 1/89, Acharya has quoted
‘Panchalavan’ along with their Pradhanyata.
i.e.
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20. So, in order to explain Panchalavana
Pradhanyata, Acharya Chakrapani has
considered 5 Lavanas instead of 3.
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21. All five Lavanas possess the above said qualities
and action. So in this context, instead of
considering 3 Lavanas, he has considered
Panchalavana.
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22. After this, a question arises in mind that, if all
Lavanas possess those qualities, why 5 lavana? We
could consider only one! Or else according to the
present Nyaya, 3 Lavanas were enough for the
preparation.
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23. Anyhow some Acharyas or Scholars (mentioned in
Vaidya Harishchandra Kushavaha, Hindi Commentary on
Charaka Samhita) consider it Trilavana only.
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24. Even in Bhaishajya Ratnavali, Grahani Chikitsa
Prakarana, Acharya Govind Das Sen, explains
almost similar Shloka as that of Charaka. There
also, He considered Panchalavana (without
mentioning Nyaya).
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25. Another example :
अषिांग ह्रुदय चिकित्स स्त्र्ाि 2/38
रतिवपत्त चिकित्स
गॊक
ं ट्कभीरुश्रु्ं पर्णभिीलभस््र्था ियः ।
हंत्याशु रक््ं सरुजं पवशॆषान्मूत्रमागणगम ॥
For Parnini, which is Bahuvachana we can consider it as
3 Parnis or more than 3.
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26. गॊक
ं िकाहदलभस््र्था (ििीनीलभः :-)
शालपर्णभप्रुक्निपणीमुद्गपर्णभमाषपर्णभभर्िः, श्रु्ं
शीघ्रमॆवरक््ं सवॆदनं हंत् ।
Here Acharya Arunadatta while commenting on this
context considered above mentioned four drugs.
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28. 2. To think logically in the treatment of disease.
Ex : Dandapoopa Nyaya
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29. Mentioned in Brihadaranyakopanishad while
explaining Artapatti Pramana. A rat can even cut the
danda which is very hard, then how it cannot cut the
Apoopa which is very soft. Which can be incorporated
in Chikitsa aspect that a drug which can cure a chronic
disease, can definitely cure a mild one.
Ex :If Sitopaladi Churna pacifies Kasa, Parshvashula
etc symptoms in Rajayakshma, it will definitely cure
Samanya Pratishyaya etc.
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30. 3. While describing some peculiar phenomenon.
Ex : Munjadisheekoddharana Nyaya.
(mentioned in Shatapatha Bramhana, while explaining
Moksha. Just like the layers of Munja get detached, Atma
too get detachment from the external objects to attain
ultimate salvation.)
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31. 4. In preparation of medicines.
Ex : Sthalipulaka Nyaya
Explained in Patanjali
Mahabhashya.
By taking one of the grains from the cooking pot, we see
whether all the grains are boiled or not; this is
called Sthalipulaka Nyaya. While preparing the medicine,
this Nyaya can be applied. By licking or testing little
of Avaleha, we find out whether it is prepared properly or
not.
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32. 5. To explain major events in the nature.
Ex : Pangvandha Nyaya by Sankhya Darshana
while explaining Srushti Utpatti.
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33. 6. To gain some knowledge beyond our limitations.
Ex : Kupa manduka Nyaya.
(explained in Prasanna Raghava
Nataka. One should not have the
concise mind. Sushruta too quotes
that (Su. Su. 4/6) studying of only one
Shastra is not enough. We should also have the knowledge
of allied sciences too for the better implementation of our
science)
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34. 7. To be smart in our profession, i.e. to administer different
treatment modalities to use various drug in treatment.
Ex : Dehalideepa Nyaya.
Mentioned in Meemamsa Darshana. “Threshold” is known
as Dehali in Sanskrit. When you place a lamp on a
threshold, it sheds light both inside and outside. Similarly,
when we achieve two results with a single task or activity,
then this maxim can be quoted. For example:
A drug may act as both Deepana and Pachan purpose.
Balachaturbhadra Rasa can be indicated both
in Jwara and Atisara)
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35. 8. Helps in reading or writing also.
Ex : Simhavalokana Nyaya
Mentioned in Mahabharata. This is based on a lion’s habit of
looking in front and behind ,
after killing its prey,
to see if there is any rival
to dispute possession.
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36. It is applied where a word in a sentence is connected
with what preceds and with that which follows it.
if the subject is glanced superficially not going to its
depth, this Nyaya is utilized. It is like an abstract or the
summery of the topic similarly ‘Bhavathi Chatra’ )
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38. (while differentiating Amavata among
Sandhigata Vata, Amavata, Krostukashirsha etc
conditions, some specific clinical features are
observed like Pratahkala Jadyata)
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39. 10. To emphasize the importance of some basic
principles of Ayurveda.
Ex: Pipeelika Bhara vahana Nyaya. (An ant even
though having the small stature, can carry the
things which are beyond its weight. Acharya
Charaka while explaining the Sara
Pareeksha/examination of body
constitute (Vimana Sthana
8/102-114), used this Nyaya.
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40. To assess the Bala/strength of a person,
explanation of eight Sara has been given. By
seeing a stout body generally we will think he has
good strength and by seeing a person with
emaciation we think he is weak. But every time it
is not true. Stout person may be weak and person
who is emaciated may have good strength
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41. 11. To understand physiological aspects.
Ex : Dhatu Poshana Nyayas
Kshiradadhi Nyaya
Kedarakulya Nyaya..etc
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42. CONCLUSION:
For Kapinjaladhikarana Nyaya:
Wherever there is mentioning of Bahuvachana, 3
or more than 3 Sankhya should be considered
according to the context.
Even though that Sankhya should be minimum 3,
in some contexts like previously mentioned,
where importance of drugs have mentioned
earlier, there we should follow those rules for
better results.
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43. For Nyayas :
Nyayas are formulaic ways which are not only useful to
make judgment but also helpful to make best interpretation
of the encrypted verses of the text, or else it may lead to
contextual ambiguity. They are one among the principles of
textual writing which makes the text more logical,
comprehensive and accurate, thereby providing Yathartha
Jnana (authentic and valid knowledge).
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44. Nyayas are the tools for understanding the
Shastra in proper way which were used hugely in
pre Samhita period. That’s why in almost all
Nyayas I have mentioned in ‘Applications of
Nyayas’ are from Upanishad, Mahabharata,
Ramayan, Purana, Darshana. etc.
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45. In Samhita period, along with Nyayas there were some
tools for understanding the Shatra in proper way. As we
observe in Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita, there
comes concept of Tantrayukti, Tantradosha and in
Astanga Hridaya, concept of Tacchilya.
Everyone has their own specific rule/way/tool for
explaining/beautifying there texts without which the
learning of Shastra become incomplete undoubtedly
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