1. Chapter 8
Drafting Papers with Documented Research
• When you sit to draft a
paper, what practices work
for you?
• What challenges do you
face?
• How does writing with
sources complicate your
task?
3. Shifting from Research to Writing
• Revisiting Your Research Rhetoric- set the
direction for your research writing
–Purpose
–Audience
–Writing Role
–Context
4. Understanding the Writing Process
• Never just sit down and write a whole essay
or research paper!!! Why not?
• Well, it work might once... twice if you're lucky... but if you're
looking to write a good essay or research paper and to receive
a good grade you have to get used to the idea that essay
writing is a process. You also need to get used to the idea that
it is not an easy process.
6. Reviewing Your Findings
• Conducting Q & A
• Deepening Your Thinking on the Topic
• Imagining Your Paper
• Sorting Out Your Notes
7. Sharpening Your Working Thesis
• Deepening Your thesis
– Use richer, clearer terms
– Introduce qualifying terms where needed
– Stress your idea through opposition
• Questioning Your Thesis
– Reader’s Questions:
8. Considering Methods of Organization
• Organizational Practices to Avoid
– The five-paragraph essay
– Information regurgitation
– A series of course summaries
– Writer-friendly patterns
9. Organizational Practices That Consider
Sources
• Consider where to position primary and
secondary sources
• Order your writing around key sources
• Map out relationships between sources and
ideas
• Put your discussion in context
11. Patterns of Reasoning
Contribute to your thinking about organization
• Allow your thesis to dictate the structure
• Choose between inductive and deductive
patterns
– Deductive- works from the more general to the
more specific.
– Inductive- works the other way, moving from
specific observations to broader generalizations
and theories.
14. Developing an Outline
• A good outline sets a course for your drafting
but allows you to redirect that course as you
write.
– Sequence
– Weight
– Connection to Research Notes
– Format and Depth
16. Choosing a Type of Outline
simple or complex
• Basic List
• Graphic Organizer
• Topic Outline
• Formal Sentence
Outline
• Connecting Your Outline
and Your Notes
– Reorder
– Code material
– Apply post-it notes
17. Considering Drafting Strategies
Developing the first draft, Develop and support your ideas, Creativity
and Care
• Choosing a Drafting
Method
– Writing Systematically
– Writing Freely
• Respecting Your Sources
While Drafting
18. Drafting the Introduction
• Once your hypothesis has been refined for
testing, you will draft the Introduction to your
paper. Your opening should accomplish:
– Engage the reader
– Establish the focus and scope of your writing
– Set the tone and diction level
– Introduce your line of thinking about the topic
19. Engaging Your Reader
• Your opening should reflect engaging issues
that fit the topic, audience and form of
writing.
– Hook your reader!
• Avoid bland openings
• Make your opening interesting, concrete, and
specific
20. Drafting the Body: Reasoning with Evidence
• Support your thesis with a line of reasoning,
backed by evidence, examine it and draw
conclusion.
• Featuring Research in Your Discussion
– Follow your lead
– Draw on source material
21. Drafting the Body: Smoothly Integrating Source Material
• Using sources when writing an essay often
helps make the paper stronger, clearer, or
more convincing than an essay based only on
your own thoughts.
• The trick is knowing how to use the material
you choose most effectively and how to give
proper credit to the author of the source.
22. • A Pattern for Integrating Sources-build a
paragraph toward a source reference that
clinches or summarizes your point. Work it
into paragraph & relate to your own thinking.
• Practices for Smoothly Integrating Quotations
– Limit the number of quotations
– Work quotations into sentence syntax
– Properly mark any necessary changes to
quotations
23. Guidelines for Correctly Documenting
Sources
• Integrate source material carefully into your
writing, you must also document where that
source material comes from.
Drafting the Conclusion
• If the opening invites the reader into your
paper, the closing helps the reader exit the
discussion.
24. Drafting the Title
• A research paper title
serves as an opening to
your research paper. Its
purpose is to engage the
readers into the research
subject and get them
involved in what the
research paper has to say.
25. Focus on Multimedia: Using and Integrating Visuals
• You can integrate multimedia into visual art
programs as instructional tools, art tools and
curriculum development.
• Multimedia integration ranges from the
incorporation of digital images to computer
design and architectural engineering.
• The integration of multimedia technology will
depend on the strength of your resources.
26. Using and Integrating Visuals
• Uses of Visuals in Your
Research Writing
• Planning visuals for Your Paper
• Parts of A Visual
• Types of visuals
27. Revising and Refining Your Research Paper
• Set draft aside for a day or two
• rethinking your ideas
• refining your arguments
• reorganizing paragraphs
• rewording sentences
• You may need to develop ideas in more detail, give more
evidence to support claims, or delete unnecessary
material.
• Read your paper out loud. This sometimes makes it
easier to identify writing that is awkward or unclear.
• Have somebody else read the paper and tell you if there's
anything that's unclear or confusing.
28. Practical Strategies for Improving Your First Draft
• Break Down Revising and Refining into
Manageable Steps
• Review Your draft from Multiple Points of
View
• Use Your Software’s Editing Tools as an Aid
29. Revising in Action: Fixing Global Issues
• You revise how the paper is written.
– You might take the first paragraph and move it to
the last one and move up the second or third etc.
– Your paper should have the best paragraph first
then it dwindles down as it goes.
• Review example on p. 206
30. Testing Your Ideas and Organization
• Improving Your Reasoning
– Test the strength of your essential thinking
– Test the balance of reasoning and support
• Expand your discussion
• Elaborate the evidence
• Clarify the significance
– Test your evidence
– Test the warrants connecting your reasoning and
evidence
– Test for Plagiarism
31. Improving Organizational Flow
• Leads readers from one point to the next,
sometimes in a straight line and other times
through a mapping out of connections and
associations.
• Test the overall design of your draft
– Refine
– Fill
– Cut
– Find
– Feature
• Test the flow of ideas and information
32. Improving Paragraphs
• Focus on capturing the
readers' attention then lose it
in the middle.
• Improve paragraph structure
and hold the readers' attention
for the entire paper.
33. Checking the Voice of Your Writing
• Use an informed voice, not flat and insecure.
• Testing Your Level of Confidence
– Revise for commitment and intensity
– Keep your thinking appropriately qualified and
balanced
• Testing for an Academic Style
• Examine your use of personal pronouns
• Examine the formality level of your prose
34. Editing for Sentence Smoothness
• You read the composition to your partner.
• When you stumble while reading aloud or
have to go back to re-read, you should
underline that part of the composition.
• Later, you can decide whether the language of
the underlined sentences or phrases should
be revised to improve smoothness of
expression.
35. • Fixing Primer Style
• Fixing Rambling Sentences
• Fixing Unparalleled Structures
• Fixing sluggish Sentence Structures
• Using Active and Passive Voice of Verbs
• Editing for Sentence Variety
36. Editing for Energetic Word Choice
• Eliminate Wordiness
– Deadwood
– Redundancy
– Unnecessary modifiers
– Long phrases and clauses
• Replace Vague Wording with Precise, Concrete Terms
• Hit the Right diction Level
• Replace Slanted Terms with Neutral Ones
• Cut Cliche`
• Rework Pretentious and Flowery Language
• Eliminate Jargons
