1. Carbon Management – Why Bother?
James Dorrell
Giraffe Innovation Limited
j.dorrell@giraffeinnovation.com

2. Long Term Deliverables: London
A total reduction in CO2 emissions of 70m tonnes by 2025.
> 3.9m tonnes CO2 per year by 2025 - Green Homes Pilot
programme
> 3.5 m tonnes CO2 per year by 2025 - Green Organisations
Programme
> ?t CO2- Green Construction programme
> London’s carbon emissions - 44 million tonnes to 52 million tonnes by 2025.
Objective - stabilising London’s emissions in 2025 at 60 per cent below 1990 level.
By 2025 London must produce 33 million tonnes less of CO2 than its
current levels - annual emissions reduction of 4% a year.
> 20 million tonnes Action Plan. 13 million tons requires national and international
action.

3. Tesco’s – customer research feedback*
> 71% of customers are concerned about the implications of
packaging on the environment
> 61% find it difficult to find things that aren’t over-packed.
> Packaging becomes a priority to customers once they have to
dispose of it.
> Discriminatory criterion at point of purchase
BUT
> Recycling and packaging reduction are positive actions to
achieve waste reduction but customers do not link this
directly to global warming.
*Jan 2007 Sample 1045

4. “Britain's leading eco-design consultancy” The Manufacturer
Giraffe was listed by The Guardian as one of the 10 brightest independent UK
green businesses.
http://business.guardian.co.uk/windofchange/story/0,,2217319,00.html

5. ….just some of Giraffe’s clients
UK, Sweden, Switzerland, Hong Kong, China,
Sri Lanka, New Zealand, USA

6. What is carbon footprint?
the total greenhouse gas emissions caused directly
and indirectly by an individual, organisation, event
or product

7. Carbon Jargon
Carbon Footprint: greenhouse gas emissions relating
to activities and actions
Carbon neutral: Reduction of footprint to “zero” by
reducing own emissions and/or offset
Offset: funding carbon reduction activities

8. Most favoured option
Carbon Hierarchy
”–
eliminate SH
WA ut
EN itho
RE s w
reduce
“G im
Least favoured option
OID n cla nce
AV ee replace sta
gr sub
offset
business as usual

9. Sources of GHGs
Nitrous Oxide
Carbon Dioxide
Chemical manufacture
Fuels for Energy and agriculture
and Transport,
Manufacturing
Processes HFCs PFCs
Refrigerants, Aluminium
chemical manufacture,
manufacture, electronics
foams & aerosols manufacture
Methane
Waste (Landfills, Sulphur hexafluoride
natural activity) Magnesium smelting, high
voltage switchgear,
electronics manufacturing

10. Emission Scopes
CO2 CH4 N2O HFCs PFCs SF6
Employee
business
travel
Waste
disposal
Contractor
owned vehicles
Purchased
Electricity for own Company
use Fuel combustion Production of
Vehicles
purchased
Fugitive materials and
emissions outsourced activities
Adapted from NZBCSD and GHG Protocol

11. Calculating Scope 1 emissions
Fuel for energy Use actual consumption
and transport of fuel in kWh, MJ, litres
and convert into CO2
– Use for converting fuel
consumption
– Use Defra conversion
factors for carbon
emissions

12. Calculating Scope 1 emissions: an example
Fuel for energy
Gas used: 1,000,000 m3
Defra carbon emission factors: 0.185 kgCO2/kWh (gross)
To convert m3 (gross) to kWh: x 11
CO2 from Gas = 1,000,000 x 11 x 0.185 = 2,035,000 kgCO2
m3 kWh kgCO2
m3 kWh

13. Calculating Scope 2 emissions: an example
Electricity
Electricity used: 10,000,000 kWh
Defra carbon emission factors: 0.5230 kgCO2e/kWh
CO2e from Electricity = 10,000,000 x 0.5230
= 5,230,000 kgCO2e

14. Calculating the total footprint: an
example
Scope Emissions kgCO2e
1 Energy Gas 2,035,000
Gas Oil 13,370
Transport Diesel 789,000
Cars 33,800
Refrigerants 65,000
2 Electricity 5,230,000
3 Air travel 2,951
Waste 560
Total 8,169,677 kgCO2e
or 8,170 tonnes CO2e

15. Good calculation websites
http://www.nef.org.uk/greencompany/co2calculator
.htm
http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/solutions/CarbonFoo
tprinting/FootprintCalculators

16. 16
Giraffe Innovation

17. Reducing footprint: reducing costs
Energy is one of the largest controllable costs in most
organisations, because there is usually considerable
scope for reducing consumption in buildings.
A good way to assess the energy use in your building
is by conducting an energy walk-round, this will help
you to identify bad practice, inefficient equipment,
and poor energy habits.

18. Energy breakdown by building type

19. Reduction in shops and offices
Heating: Don't turn up the heating unless you really
need to. Try to keep your thermostat at 19oC as your
heating costs will increase by 8% each time you turn
the temperature up by just one degree.
Lighting: Switch lights off in empty rooms. You
could cut your lighting costs, by as much as 15% just
by making sure you turn off lights in areas that aren't
being used.

20. Reductions in shops and offices
Refrigeration: Ensure your system is set at the
right temperature. Even if its 1oC lower than needed,
your costs could rise by 2-4%.
IT equipment and other electricals
Engage with your staff – positive initiatives
Staff retention and satisfaction benefits.

21. Derwin Street Furniture
Conducted operational footprint:
Manufacturing – kwh electricity
Lighting – kwh electricity
Heating – btu gas converted to kwh
Water – m3 h2o
Transport – haulage miles and fuel purchase
Total electricity consumption: 1,005,000kwh per
annum.
Electricity cost per annum: £65,000

22. Derwin cont.
Carbon footprint from electricity consumption: 450t
per annum
Warehouse 2 was
180t – 40% of
wh3 footprint
wh2
w/h1
+
office
Main
factory

23. Derwin – warehouse 2 review
WAREHOUSE 2 – 40% of electricity footprint:
180tCO2
Large unit with 3 huge space heaters near work area
Work area adjacent to delivery door - many use as
pedestrian entrance
Delivery door open 70% of day – significant heat loss

24. Derwin: activities
Work area moved 50m from main door.
Old fire exit used as primary pedestrian entrance
Footprint reduced from 180t to 95t
Cost saving of £13,000 per annum
Demonstrable carbon reductions on tenders
Carbon programme now targeting heating efficiency in
other buildings.
Offsetting remaining footprint to be “carbon neutral”

25. Different types of footprints
Production Distribution The Distribution Retail and
of Raw of Raw Organisation Disposal
of Products Consumption
Materials Materials
Option B
Option C
Boundaries
Option A A. Organisation
B. Single Product/Activity
/Service (Life Cycle
Approach)
C. All activities and
products through the
Boundary of A depends on Supply Chain
ownership and control boundaries

26. Scope 3 – footprinting materials and processes
LIFECYCLE THINKING
> Most waste comes in the material
processes, energy and emissions
that are generated throughout the
lifecycle – not at end of life.
> Hidden rucksack - one tonne of
gold requires 135,000 tonnes of
earth, ore, and rubble to be moved.
> Sustainable design takes into
account the costs and
environmental impacts of a product
over its entire life cycle – ‘cradle to
grave’ or ‘cradle to cradle’

27. Scope 3 Footprinting (packaging)
USER INPUTS NEEDS from tool
Materials Material energy MJ //kg
Material energy MJ kg
PE body 38 g Embodied energy //kg
PP cap 5 g Embodied energy kg
Energy to manufacture //
Energy to manufacture
kg
kg
Manufacture Transport, MJ //
Transport, MJ
PE body moulded 38 g tonne.km
tonne.km
PP cap moulded 5 g
Sea freight
Sea freight 0.11
0.11
Barge (river)
Barge (river) 0.83
0.83
Use Rail freight 0.86
Rail freight 0.86
Refrigeration 5 days Truck 0.9 – 1.5
Transport 200 km Truck 0.9 – 1.5
Air freight
Air freight 8.3 – 15
8.3 – 15
Disposal Refrigeration, MJ //
Refrigeration, MJ
m33.day
m .day
Transport 100 km
Recycling ? Yes Refrigeration (4oC)
Refrigeration (4oC)
10.5
10.5
Freezing
Freezing (-5oC)
(-5oC)
Source: Prof. Mike Ashby 13.0
13.0

28. Energy breakdown for PE bottle
Source:Prof. Mike Ashby

29. Comparing impact
Carbon footprints of various materials
zinc
aluminium
lead
nickel
tin
iron
copper
Plastic
Glass
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Kg carbon dioxide per kg metal

30. The benefits of recycling - energy
Metal kWh/t Saving Saving
kWh/t %
ore scrap
Aluminium 70 300 3 600 66 700 95
Nickel 41 600 4 400 37 200 89
Copper 32 200 5 300 36 900 84
Zinc 18 900 5 300 13 600 72
Steel 9 200 3 900 5 300 58
Lead 7 800 2 800 5 000 64

31. Comparing country impact
31
United Kingdom: 527g CO2 per kwh
Germany: 550g CO2 per kwh
China: 850g CO2 per kwh
Sweden: 80g CO2 per kwh
MOVE PRODUCTION FROM SWEDEN TO CHINA:
increase footprint by 10X!

32. More Drivers
32
Mark Dowling Giraffe Innovation

33. TOTAL No. of PRODUCTS 1350
ITEMS – 2546
Brands 352
TOTAL WEIGHT 103.97 Kg
TOTAL Overburden 200.09Kg (twice end of life waste!)
3037.3 MJ
843.71 KWH
60W Bulb 9.5 years

35. Sam Dixon, -Observer Reader:
‘This is the most ridiculous piece of packaging I have ever
come across,’
Official response from Morrisons,
‘Morrisons coconuts are shrink wrapped to ensure that
they reach the customer in the very best condition.
The packaging helps to keep the product fresh, limit
damage from breakages, stop coconut hairs getting
into other foodstuffs during transport and allows an
information label to be attached.

36. New Look - Giftware & Shoes
Financial: £230,790.
Environmental:
3297.56tCO2 (311 UK
citizens annual
emissions)
Saving £98,000 (on packs above)
10.8tCO2

37. Opportunity – public sector customer
• Public sector procurement increasingly
requires higher environmental
standards
• Carbon footprints are starting to be
asked for…
• “having a carbon report will be
mandatory for all suppliers in the
coming years” Procurement Manager –
large SE authority at 2012 event

40. The Green Consumer
Ethical and green consumer market worth £29.3bn
11% year growth
Aggregated household: 1.4% growth
Research has shown that green consumers:
are sincere in their intentions, with a growing commitment to
greener lifestyles;
almost always judge their environmental practices as
inadequate;
do not expect companies to be perfect in order to be considered
'green'.

41. The low carbon customer
Customers demand low carbon
products and retailers recognise
the opportunity
“The green movement must become a mass movement
in green consumption.
For this to happen we must break down the barriers of
information and price. Customers need good
information to make the right choices and they need to
be able to afford to make these choices.” Sir Terry
Leahy, January 2008

42. Server vs Range Rover Sport
400w (6900KWh p.a.) 230g/KM CO2
Running one 400W server is equivalent of driving a Range Rover sport
15,000Km p.a.
0.5Kg CO2e per KWh (Burden factor multiplier – air conditioning)
Computer industry – equivalent CO2e as Aviation industry?

43. Green consumers
25 – 35 year old groups are greenest
People with children of school age tend to be
greener in purchasing decision
Women in these groups are more likely to make
green purchases than men
Those who don’t buy green cite cost (86%) as the
principle reason

44. Opportunity – cost saving
BT - Beyond Compliance £2m investment
44
BT replacing all its Dect cordless and fixed-line
estimated that
phones with more energy-efficient models will cut 195,000 tonnes of
CO2 emissions over the next three years, the equivalent of taking 19,000 cars
off the road for the same period.
The new devices should also save consumers more
than £39m through reduced electricity bills.

45. Opportunity – cost saving
CARBON =
CA$H
• Fossil fuels are increasingly
expensive
• Understanding your carbon
footprint and reducing it will
inevitably reduce costs

46. Opportunity - legislation
Packaging & Essential Requirements
WEEE
Batteries
N?
Tyres
R BO
C
Farm films A • planning for
compliance with
End of life Vehicles legislation can reduce
RoHS…… future costs…
• understanding your
carbon now will help
mitigate future risk

47. ULTIMATELY – carbon management is:
A cost saving measure with positive
marketing, PR and staff retention
benefits – it’s also doing the decent
thing