Secretions
• Prostatic secretions vary among species. They are generally
composed of simple sugars and are often slightly alkaline.[21] In
human prostatic secretions, the protein content is less than 1%
and includes proteolytic enzymes, prostatic acid
phosphatase, beta-microseminoprotein, and prostate-specific
antigen. The secretions also contain zinc with a concentration
500–1,000 times the concentration in blood.
Age related detrusor
dysfunction
• Prostatism- traditional term of
prostatic symptoms
• Voiding symptoms
• Obstructing symptoms
• Urethral stricture
• Post micturition symptoms
• Storage symptoms(Over Active
Bladder syndrome OAB)
Other conditions:
• Polyuria
• Sleep disorders
• Variety of systemic medical conditions
unrelated to the prostatic-bladder unit
• Bladder stones, carcinoma,
• carcinoma-in situ in the bladder
Prostatic Hyperplasia-д нөлөөлөх хүчин
зүйлс
• ɑ adrenergic pathway
• Androgen
• Estrogen
• Programmed cell death
• Growth factors
• Stromal-epithelial interaction
• Aging process
-secretory activity maybe decreasing
-reducing cell death
• Reawakening of embryonic process
• Inflammatory pathways
Prostate hyperplasia
• Prostate hyperplasia is probably
due to an imbalance between
cell proliferation & cell death.
• Androgens play a necessary but
probably permissive role.
• Growth factors are more likely to
be sites of primary defects.
Symptoms
• Lower urinary tract symptoms (non-specific, can also include those
with prostatitis, prostate cancer, bladder outlet obstruction like
urethral stricture, stones, etc.)
• Hesitancy, frequency, urgency, straining, weak flow, prolonged
voiding, partial or complete urinary retention, small voided volumes,
nocturia, painful urination.
• If peak urinary flow rate <10 mL/s, then subvesical obstruction seen in
90% patients
• Risk factors: changes to bladder anatomy and function, UTI, formation
of bladder stones, renal failure
Diagnosis
• Careful history and physical examination including DRE
• DRE notoriously unreliable in assessing size, in fact, shown to
underestimate size of prostate
• Still important because some men found to have prostate cancer based
on DRE
• UA, serum Cr. PSA depending on patient’s life expectancy and
circumstances.
• PSA is an individualized decision to be made with patient and physician
Diagnosis
• Further evaluate with AUA Symptom Score, or International Prostate
Symptom Score (IPSS)—7 questions each on severity scale of 0-5:
frequency, nocturia, weak urinary stream, hesitancy, intermittence,
incomplete emptying, and urgency.
• If score <8, mildly symptomatic and recommend yearly reevaluation
• If 8-35, may consider additional tests if history confounded by
neurological diseases, prior failed BPH therapy, and those considering
surgery.
• Optional tests:
• Urinary flow rate <10 mL/s highly suggestive of outlet obstruction
• Postvoid residual urine measurement with transabdominal ultrasound or in-and-
out catheterization.
PSA гэж юу вэ?
• Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), also known as gamma-
seminoprotein or kallikrein-3 (KLK3), is a glycoprotein enzymeencoded in
humans by the KLK3 gene. PSA is a member of the kallikrein-
related peptidase family and is secreted by the epithelial cells of
the prostate gland. PSA is produced for the ejaculate, where it
liquefies semen in the seminal coagulum and allows sperm to swim
freely.[5] It is also believed to be instrumental in dissolving cervical mucus,
allowing the entry of sperm into the uterus.[6]
• PSA is present in small quantities in the serum of men with healthy
prostates, but is often elevated in the presence of prostate cancer or other
prostate disorders.[7] PSA is not a unique indicator of prostate cancer, but
may also detect prostatitis or benign prostatic hyperplasia.[8]
PSA түвшин
• In the past, most doctors considered PSA levels of 4.0 ng/mL and
lower as normal. Therefore, if a man had a PSA level above 4.0
ng/mL, doctors would often recommend a prostate biopsy to
determine whether prostate cancer was present.
PSA-н үүрэг.
• Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is a protease whose function is to
break down the high molecular weight protein of the seminal
coagulum into smaller polypeptides. This action results in the semen
becoming more liquid. PSA is produced by epithelial prostatic cells,
both benign and malignant.
LUTS: Эмчилгээ
Treatment Options
1) Lifestyle Measures
2) Watchful Waiting
3) Medical Management
a) Alpha blockers
b) 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (5 ARI’s)
c) PDE5 inhibitors (Tadalafil 5mg po qDay)
4) Surgical Management
Management
• If no obstruction and limited discomfort, do not need to treat!!
1. Treatment Options:
Lifestyle Measures
• Fluid modification
• Reduce fluid intake in the evening
• Avoid caffeine, alcohol
• Timed voiding
• Regular timed voiding of the bladder
• Modify medications
• I.e: change time of dosing diuretics
• Avoid cold remedies (anti-histamines)
• Avoid anti-cholinergics
• Avoid alpha-agonists (i.e. decongestants)
Non-pharmacological Management
• Non-pharmacological Management
• · Mild symptoms or limited discomfort?
• o Watchful waiting and annual evaluation
• o Lifestyle Modifications
• Avoid fluids prior to bedtime or going out
• Reduce caffeine and alcohol
• Scheduled urination at least once every 3 hours.
• Double voiding: after urinating, wait and try to urinate again.
2. Treatment Options:
Watchful Waiting
Watchful Waiting:
• Patient monitored by physician without active intervention
for LUTS
• Safe in patients with mild, stable symptoms
• Intervene when symptoms worsen or complications arise
such as acute retention, recurrent hematuria, recurrent UTI,
hydronephrosis, bladder calculi
Pharmacological Treatment
• Alpha-1-adrenergic antagonists
• Relax smooth muscle in the bladder neck, prostate capsule, and prostatic urethra
• Immediate relief!
• Examples
• Terazosin, Doxazosin
• Initiate at bedtime (hypotension)
• Tamsulosin, Alfuzosin
• Lower potential to cause hypotension, syncope
• Minor differences in the adverse events profiles, equal clinical effectiveness
• Major Side Effects
• HYPOTENSION!
• Ejaculatory Dysfunction (particularly Tamsulosin)
• Interaction with phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors
• Potentiated effects of hypotension
• Separate doses by at least 4 hours
Medical Treatment:
Long-acting Non-selective
1-blockers
• Dosage is increased in a stepwise fashion at weekly intervals
• Does not affect PSA
• Acts to relax prostatic/bladder neck smooth muscle (& vascular
smooth muscle - non selective)
• Doxazosin (Cardura)
• Dosage: 1-2 mg qDay, titrate up to 4-8 mg OD
• Terazosin (Hytrin)
• Dosage: 1 mg OD, titrate up to 2, 5, or 10 mg
• Not usually first line anymore
Medical Management:
Long-acting Selective
1A-blockers
Long-acting selective 1-blockers
• Specifically relaxes the smooth muscle of the prostate and bladder neck
• Does not interfere with bladder contractility
• Does not affect PSA
• Alfuzosin (Xatral)
• Dosage: 10 mg qDay
• Tamsulosin (Flomax)
• Dosage: 0.4 mg qDay
• Silodosin (Rapaflo)
• Dosage: 8mg qDay
1-Blockers:
Side Effects
• 5 known side effects of alpha blockade for LUTS
• Asthenia
• Hypotension
• Retrograde ejaculation
• Dizziness
• Flu-like syndrome
Pharmacological Treatment
• 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors
• Reduces the size of the prostate gland
• Prevents conversion testosteronedihydrotestosterone (DHT)
• ~ 6 to 12 months before prostate size is sufficiently reduced to improve symptoms!!
• Indefinite treatment, as discontinuation may lead to symptom relapse.
• Examples
• Finasteride (initiated and maintained at 5 mg once daily)
• Dutasteride
• Side Effects
• Sexual dysfunction
• Decrease PSA
• Take into account during interpretation
5--reductase Inhibitors
• Men with larger prostates (> 40 g) respond
most favorably
• Finasteride (Proscar)
• Dosage: 5 mg OD – type II inhibitor
• Dutasteride (Avodart)
• Dosage: 0.5 mg OD – type I and II inhibitor
Medical Management: Daily PDE5
Inhibitor
Tadaladfil 5mg qDay:
• Improves male LUTS
• Exact mechanism unknown
• Helps concurrent erectile dysfunction
• May potentiate hypotension in men taking concurrent alpha-
blockers
Pharmacological Treatment
• Anticholinergics
• monotherapy for patients with predominately irritated symptoms related to
overactive bladder
• Frequency, urgency, incontinence
• Examples
• Oxybutynin, Tolterodine
• Side Effects
• Extensive!
• Dry mouth, blurred vision, tachycardia, constipation etc
Pharmacological Treatment
• Combination therapy
• Severe symptoms without maximal response to maximal monotherapy
• Alpha 1 and anticholinergics
• Alpha 1 and reductase inhibitors
If still fails?
• If all else fails: Surgery or Minimally Invasive Surgical Therapies
• Many surgical/interventional options
• MIST
• Transurethral needle ablation (TUNA), transurethral microwave therapy (TUMT),
Transurethral Electroevaporation of The Prostate TUVP
• Surgery
• Open Prostatectomy
• Endoscope
• Transurethral Incision of the Prostatce (TURP)
Management
• When to get Urology involved?
• Bladder Obstruction syndrome
• Men <45 years old
• Presence of hematuria in the absence of infection
• Abnormality on prostate exam (nodule, induration, or asymmetry)
• Men with incontinence
• Severe symptoms
LUTS: Мэс засал эмчилгээний заалтууд
Indications for Surgery
• Bothersome symptoms despite treatment
• BPH-related complications
• Urinary Retention (inability to void)
• Bladder calculi
• Recurrent UTI
• Recurrent hematuria from the prostate
• Upper tract dysfunction (hydronephrosis, renal dysfunction)
• Surgical approach will depend on:
• Patient’s prostate size
• Surgeon’s judgment
• Patient’s co-morbidities
BPH Surgery:
Transurethral Resection of Prostate (TURP) is the Most Common
Surgery for BPH
Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
Standard of care
Uses electrosurgery to “core” out the obstructive tissue
LUTS:
Surgical Techniques
TURP - Transurethral Resection of Prostate
• Gold standard for surgical treatment of BPH if prostate has moderate size
Minimally invasive surgeries
• Numerous laser vapourization techniques
Open prostatectomy to remove the central/transtion zone when
prostate is very large (>100cc)
Complications: Хүндрэл
TURP
• Retrograde ejaculation (very common>90%)
• Incontinence (1-2%)
• Erectile Dysfunction (rare)
• Bladder neck Contracture/Urethral Stricture (1-10%)
• Bleeding (~5% need a transfusion)
• Risks of any Operation
Treatment of BPH:
Эмчилгээг дүгнэвэл
Summary
• Watchful Waiting
• Patients with mild symptoms
• Alpha Blocker
• Relaxes prostatic smooth muscle
• Rapid relief of symptoms (within 2 weeks)
• May not address eventual progression
• 5--reductase inhibitor
• Decreases prostate volume
• “Slower” acting (3-6 months)
• May reduce risk of progression
• More suitable for larger prostates
• Combination Therapy