2. CARDIAC ARREST
Sudden stop in effective
blood circulation due to the
failure of the heart to
contract effectively.
Medical personnel may
refer to an unexpected
cardiac arrest as a sudden
cardiac arrest (SCA).
3. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
RISK FACTORS, ETIOLOGY
CONDUCTION ABNORMALITY IN HEART
INABILITY OF HEART TO CONTRACT
PROPERLY
DECREASED CARDIAC OUTPUT
DECREASED TISSUE PERFUSION COMPROMISED FUNCTION OF HEART
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
4. SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
loss of pulse
Absence of BP
Unconscious
Seizures
Chocking
Dilatation of pupil
11. “Chain of Survival” First link – Early
access
Call for Help !
Patient evaluation
Determine if conscious or not, by
placing one hand on patient’s forehead
and shaking shoulders gently with
another hand.
In case of SCA patient will not
respond.
12. “Chain of Survival” Second link –
Early CPR
Steps preceding Cardiopulmonary
Resuscitation (CPR)
Determine A,B,C of Basic Cardiac Life Support
(BCLS).
* A for Airway.
* B for Breathing.
* C for Circulation.
13. Airway
* Head tilt
* Finger sweep.
* Jaw Thrust.
“Chain of Survival” Second link –
Early CPR
14. Breathing
* Look – Down the line of chest to
to see it rise and fall.
* Listen – at mouth and nose for
breathing sounds.
* Feel – for expired air at patients
mouth and nose.
“Chain of Survival” Second link –
Early CPR
16. Cardiac compressions
Locate correct chest compression
site, 2 - fingers above xiphoid.
Place heel of other hand on the
lower end of breast bone.
Fingers off the chest wall.
“Chain of Survival” Second link –
Early CPR
17. Once SCA is confirmed …………
Patient should be placed on hard surface.
Start CPR.
Give 2 expired breaths, followed by 30 compressions.
Continue 30:2 cycles for CPR both for 1- & 2 -rescuers
Compression rate – atleast 100 per minute
“Chain of Survival” Second link – Early
CPR
18. Mouth to mouth ventilation
Remove any obvious obstruction.
Open airway.
Pinch victims nose.
Give mouth to mouth ventilation.
Repeat breaths.
“Chain of Survival” Second link –
Early CPR
20. “Chain of Survival” Third link – Early
Defibrillation
CPR saves time
The most common cause of SCA is VF, a lethal rhythm
The only effective treatment is defibrillation
25. “Chain of Survival” Third link – Early Defibrillation
VF Defibrillation NSR
Defibrillation Electrical Current Stops VF
Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA)
26. “Chain of Survival” Fourth link – Early ACLS
For advanced Cardiac Life support (ACLS) shift
the patient to the nearest hospital.
Treat victim with medicine and advanced
therapies.
Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA)
29. Immediate care after CPR
Level of consciousness
Vital signs
ECG
CVP
Urine output
ABG value
30. NURSING DIAGNOSIS
Decreased cardiac output r/t cardiac arrest, dysrhythmia.
Assess vital signs, CVP, urinary output and peripheral pulses.
Assess heart rate and rhythm (ECG).
Oxygen administration as hypoxia can lead to further dysrhytmias.
Administer drugs, antidysrhythmic medication as ordered.
Administer fluid therapy as ordered.
31. NURSING DIAGNOSIS
Impaired tissue perfusion r/t to decreased cardiac output.
Note the color and temperature of the skin.
Monitor peripheral pulses
Monitor urine out put
Provide warm environment.
32. NURSING DIAGNOSIS
MANAGEMENTRisk for ineffective respiratory pattern r/t disease
condition.
Assess respiratory rate.
Auscultate breath sounds.
Fowler’s position if difficulty.
Monitor pulse oximetry and ABG analysis. Report any
abnormality.
Continuous monitoring for the first half hour of
defibrillation.
33. NURSING DIAGNOSIS
Risk for fluid electrolyte imbalance r/t physiological changes.
Monitor intake and output.
Administer fluid and diuretics.
Monitor electrolytes daily and replace as ordered.
Monitor BUN, creatinine and urine electrolytes daily.
34. NURSING DIAGNOSIS
Risk for complications r/t disease process, procedure performed
and defibrillation.
Assess level of consciousness. Reorient the time, place and person.
Assess vital signs and ECG continuously.
Initiate IV antidysrhythmics therapy as prescribed
Administer IV fluid to correct fluid electrolyte imbalances
35. NURSING DIAGNOSIS
Anxiety r/t fear about unknown outcome.
Prepare patient and family and explain what is expected.
Clarify any misconceptions.
Provide adequate rest to the patient.
Encourage to ask questions related to equipments, monitoring,
treatment.
36. SUMMARY
Definition of cardiac arrest
Difference b/w heart attack and cardiac arrest
Etiology of cardiac arrest
Risk factors of cardiac arrest
Sign and symptoms of patient with cardiac arrest
Diagnosis of patient with cardiac arrest
Management of patient with cardiac arrest
37. REFERENCES
Braunwald et al:Principle of Internal
Medicine1508,1513 16th edition
Woods et al:``Cardiac Nursing’’LIPPINCOTT
Brunner& Siddharth, Medical Surgical Nursing’’
Meg Gulanick et al:Nursing Care Plan 200,204