Jan 14 NISO Webinar Net Neutrality: Will Library Resources be stuck in the Slow Lane?
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Jan 14 NISO Webinar Net Neutrality: Will Library Resources be stuck in the Slow Lane? About the Webinar Net Neutrality is an issue that has been increasingly in the news, but it is something that has affected libraries for a lot longer. Many public libraries are in underserved communities where patrons may not have personal access to the internet, so the use of the public libraries' resources is critical for them. Without net neutrality, those public libraries may not be able to cost-effectively provide such Internet service. For the scholarly and academic communities, scholarly resources could be resigned to the slow lane of the net, if content providers and libraries don't have the resources to pay for the "fast lane." As resources increasingly go multimedia, requiring greater bandwidth, will libraries and content platform providers be saddled with taking on added costs to ensure reliable access? Net neutrality begins with the basic idea that the Internet is a fair and democratic platform for all. Organizations such as the American Library Association, the Association of Research Libraries, EDUCAUSE, and Internet2, among others, have spoken out about the critical need for retaining net neutrality in the library, higher education, and research communities. In this webinar, presenters will help define Net Neutrality, what could happen without it, and how it can impact public and academic libraries, and the wider information community. Agenda Introduction Todd Carpenter, Executive Director, NISO Network Neutrality Principles and Policy for Libraries & Higher Education Larra Clark, Deputy Director, Office for Information Technology Policy, American Library Association Network neutrality: The Public Library Perspective Holly Carroll, Executive Director, Poudre River Public Library District Academic Libraries and Net Neutrality Jonathan Miller, Library Director, Olin Library of Rollins College
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Jan 14 NISO Webinar Net Neutrality: Will Library Resources be stuck in the Slow Lane?
- 1. NISO Webinar: Net Neutrality: Will Library Resources be stuck in the Slow Lane? Wednesday, January 14, 2015 Speakers: Larra Clark, Deputy Director, Office for Information Technology Policy, American Library Association Holly Carroll, Executive Director, Poudre River Public Library District Jonathan Miller, Library Director, Olin Library of Rollins College http://www.niso.org/news/events/2015/webinars/net_neutrality/
- 2. Network Neutrality Principles and Policy for Libraries NISO Webinar January 14, 2015 Larra Clark, Deputy Director ALA Office for Information Technology Policy
- 3. Overview 1/14/20153 Network neutrality definitions and history Key policy issues at play Political landscape Library & higher education-specific advocacy Likely next steps
- 4. Network neutrality, defined The principle that Internet service providers (ISPs) and governments should treat all information on the Internet equally—not discriminating or charging differently by user, content, website, platform, application or mode of communication.* --Columbia University Law Professor Tim Wu (2003) (*Reasonable network management is allowed as long as such actions are taken in a content-neutral manner.) 1/14/20154
- 5. A little history… Communications Act of 1934 Title II Common Carriage Telecommunications Act of 1996 Section 706 Advanced Telecommunications Incentives Broadband as an “Information Service” or “Telecommunications Service”? 1/14/20155
- 6. Internet Policy Principles (2005) 1/14/20156 Consumers are entitled to access the lawful Internet content of their choice Consumers are entitled to run applications and services of their choice (subject to needs of law enforcement) Consumers are entitled to connect their choice of legal devices that do not harm the network; and Consumers are entitled to competition among network providers, application and service providers, and content providers.
- 7. A little (more) history… BitTorrent and Comcast (2008) Comcast Corp v. FCC (2010) Open Internet Order (2010) Verizon Communications Inc. v. FCC (2014) FCC Rulemaking on Preserving and Protecting the Open Internet (2014) 1/14/20157
- 8. Current policy debate Need for regulation at all Legal authority and level of regulation Impact of regulation on innovation and investment Need for clarity and certainty 1/14/20158
- 9. Politics GOP House tried to roll back 2010 Open Internet Order; stopped in the Senate President Obama ran on a platform that supported network neutrality Congress split along mostly along party lines Internet Service Providers generally oppose net; digital content providers and consumer groups generally support 1/14/20159
- 10. Libraries & Higher Education American Library Association, Association of Research Libraries and EDUCAUSE have long collaborated on this issue In 2014, many more higher education and library voices joined: American Association of Community Colleges (AACC) American Association of State Colleges and Universities (AASCU) American Council on Education (ACE) Association of American Universities (AAU) Association of College & Research Libraries (ACRL) Association of Public and Land-grant Universities (APLU) Chief Officers of State Library Agencies (COSLA) Modern Language Association (MLA) National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities (NAICU) 1/14/201510
- 11. Network Neutrality Principles (7/2014) Prohibit Blocking Protect Against Unreasonable Discrimination Prohibit Paid Prioritization Prevent Degradation Enable Reasonable Network Management Provide Transparency Continue Capacity-Based Pricing of Broadband Internet Access Connections Adopt Enforceable Policies Accommodate Public Safety Maintain Status Quo on Private Networks 1/14/201511
- 12. Libraries & Higher Education Advocacy efforts Public Comments to FCC Reject proposed “commercially reasonable” standard; introduce idea of “Internet Reasonable” Meetings with FCC staff and commissioners Meetings with other stakeholder groups—from the Center for Democracy & Technology to AT&T Media outreach Education among our members 1/14/201512
- 13. Library & Higher Education Needs Definitions matter Ombudsman/advocate for libraries and higher education matters Who decides matters 1/14/201513
- 14. Protecting an Open Internet 1/14/201514 “We need a watchful eye to ensure that network providers do not become Internet gatekeepers, with the ability to dictate who can use the Internet and for what purpose.” (2005) “To expect openness, transparency, non-discrimination and consumer protections to evolve from strictly private management of our nation’s critical information infrastructure is to expect what never was or ever will be.” (2010) --Former FCC Commissioner Michael Copps
- 15. What’s Next FCC plans to vote on issue February 26, 2015 Title II reclassification with forbearance? Congress considering legislative options Ban paid prioritization? Add new section to Telecommunications Act? Threaten FCC funding through appropriations process Congressional Review Act LOTS more media coverage and lobbying Likely legal challenge to FCC rules, if adopted 1/14/201515
- 16. Resources FCC Open Internet website: http://www.fcc.gov/openinternet ALA Web page devoted to topic: http://www.ala.org/advocacy/telecom/netneutrality District Dispatch blog (sign up!): http://www.districtdispatch.org/category/network- neutrality/ Congressional Research Service: Access to Broadband Networks: The Network Neutrality Debate (November 11, 2014) 1/14/201516
- 17. Network Neutrality The Public Library Perspective NISO Webinar January 14, 2015 Holly Carroll, Director Poudre River Public Library District
- 18. Public Library Mission • Bring people and information together • Democratic principle of free and equal access to information for all • An Open Internet is a right for everyone, not for those who can afford it.
- 19. Today’s Public Library • Ubiquitous Internet • Digital information from content providers • Digital content creation • Online services (library card registration, virtual reference, HR and financial applications, eGovernment) • Public Access to computers • Broadband access and wireless connections
- 20. Communities expect • High speed connections for: – Downloading of digital content (eBooks, music, research databases, digital audio) – Streaming Internet sites (YouTube ,lynda.com, hoopla) – Distance learning (Sacramento’s Public Library’s high school diploma class) – On-line Testing – Video conferencing – Group presentation/real-time collaboration
- 21. Communities Expect • High speed connections for: – Homework assignments – Life long-learning – Job searching – Economic Development (small businesses, entrepreneurs)
- 22. Prioritized Internet Access • Higher service charges for Internet connections and for online information services • Within context of constrained budgets • Less purchase power for digital content or other service tradeoffs such as less staffing, print materials, hours of operation.
- 23. Rural Libraries • Internet access can bridge geographic disadvantages in accessing information, programming, educational opportunities • Are often the only free public internet access point • May be the only source for high speed, broadband connection in community • “When you don’t have that access, it’s like you’re held back in time and the world goes on without you,” Kristie Kirkpatrick, Whitman County Library
- 24. Remote Library Users • End-user would have slower access to library on-line services making use of databases, catalog, downloading of digital content frustrating and time-consuming
- 25. Poudre River Public Library District • Serves both urban and rural communities that have limited or no access to broadband or Internet access • Mobile computer lab, digital literacy classes to rural areas and low-income neighborhoods where there is no public Internet access • 100Mbps in all libraries provided by academic/city fiber network. • Wireless from Comcast • Joint-use library with a community college
- 26. Network Neutrality: An Academic Library Perspective NISO Webinar January 14, 2015 Jonathan Miller jxmiller@rollins.edu Jonathan Miller, Rollins College. This presentation is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
- 27. What she said … • Most of what Holly said about public libraries is true for college and university libraries as well: • Academic freedom and free, equal access. • Heavily digital operations. • Both consumers and producers of digital information. • Users with high expectations. Jonathan Miller, Rollins College. This presentation is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
- 28. Talk to your CIO • Academic libraries are embedded in larger institutions. • The university CIO is the key decision maker when it comes to Internet access on campus. • The CIO pays the bills and takes the heat. • EDUCAUSE is a key organization for CIOs. • The issues of cloud-based computing, heavy internet traffic are not just library issues. Jonathan Miller, Rollins College. This presentation is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
- 29. Libraries as consumers and producers • Library users generate a huge amount of internet traffic with fulltext databases, online journals, e- books, streaming video, from 3rd party vendors – EBSCO, ProQuest, Gale-Cengage, etc. • We also serve up increasingly large amounts of traffic from institutional repositories, digital archives, etc. • Land Grant missions, extension services, OA and EOR Jonathan Miller, Rollins College. This presentation is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
- 30. Cloud Based Services • Changing model of services. • Not just content that is served from 3rd party vendors. • Operational services – circulation, cataloging, e- resource management, ILL, repositories, all moving to the cloud and thus dependent upon the Internet connection. • Not just a library issue, it is a higher education issue. • Who decides? The university or the ISP Jonathan Miller, Rollins College. This presentation is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
- 31. Talk to your vendors • What are their plans to deliver reliable service under a priority access model? • Are they reliant on commodity network connections, or are they connected to LambdaRail? • Have they and the associations they belong to taken a position on net neutrality? Jonathan Miller, Rollins College. This presentation is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
- 32. No library is an island … • Our students and faculty live rich, interconnected, information lives. • We have no monopoly on information. • We will be judged in relationship to major players on the commercial Internet. • The fastest computer speed you have experienced in the past is the slowest speed you will accept in the future. • Priority access will reward established players and punish new entrants and diverse voices. Jonathan Miller, Rollins College. This presentation is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
- 33. What can you do? • Contact your congressional representatives • Act when ALA and ACRL ask you to speak up on this issue. • Talk to your CIO and your Provost • Talk to your vendors. • Talk to students and particularly faculty -- they are members of educational associations with voices in Washington. Jonathan Miller, Rollins College. This presentation is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
- 34. NISO Webinar • January 14, 2015 Questions? All questions will be posted with presenter answers on the NISO website following the webinar: http://www.niso.org/news/events/2015/webinars/net_neutrality/ NISO Webinar Net Neutrality: Will Library Resources be stuck in the Slow Lane?
- 35. Thank you for joining us today. Please take a moment to fill out the brief online survey. We look forward to hearing from you! THANK YOU
Notas del editor
- You’ll see that several of these items simply reflect the shared values of an Open Internet, including: no blocking, no discrimination, no paid prioritization, no throttling, increased transparency. But we also wanted to be clear that “network neutrality” doesn’t mean FREE internet access or that basic bandwidth will be priced the same as high-capacity bandwidth. Once you pay your “entrance fee” via broadband subscription, however, you should be able to access all of the content and applications of your choosing. We also wanted to differentiate paid prioritization from prioritization that is in the public interest—such as public safety. Talk a bit about private networks piece and differentiation between middle and last-mile connections
- An Open Internet fulfills the democratic missions of most libraries of equity of access to information for all
- Today’s public library is a free and publicly connected space Much content is provided by third party vendors Many libraries have digitized special collections for public access (NYPL’s historic restaurant menu collection, Denver Public Library’s local music website that allows card holders to download and stream music from local bands and musicians eGovernment – apply for the Affordable Care Act in libraries
- You do not apply for a job or submit resumes off-line! Life-long learning – access to sites such as Khan University, Mooc’s
- What might prioritized Internet Access mean to public libraries? Public library budgets nationally have decreased by 3.8% since 2008
- The main library in Whitman County, a rural region of Washington state, sometimes has a packed parking lot when the building is closed. Residents drive their computers to the Internet Whitman County Library leaves on its Wi-Fi routers after hours, and is one of the few places in the sprawling county with a public broadband connection. So residents drive their computers to the Internet.
- How would prioritized access affect our remote users who browse our catalogs, download eBooks, use our databases. If Internet service providers charge more or do not make available high-quality access to the small business or our customers accessing a library’s website and content from home?
- Serve the city of Fort Collins, CO, about 60 miles north of Denver. Population served is 188.000, 85% within city’s limit or managed growth areas. Library service district of 1800 sq. miles and extends to the Wyoming boarder, mountainous terrain. Areas and communities outside city have limited access to broadband. Rely on hot spots Usually enough broadband in libraries. Wireless may need to be expanded as use of wireless and devices grows – especially important for community college students. Loan Ipads for in-library use, wireless printing Digitized local history photography collection What can you do? Educate your community, local officials, board of trustees. Write an op-ed for the local newspaper. Senator Ron Wyden, U.S, Senator Oregon, wrote op-ed on behalf of the Oregon Library Association.
- I am the current chair of the ACRL Government Relations Committee. ACRL has a legislative agenda which is updated annually. For the last few years protecting net neutrality has been a key element in the agenda. I am also the library director at Rollins College. Rollins a selective, residential liberal arts college of about 3,000 students. Pretty small, but even we have 1 Gigabit connection to LambdaRail and a 300 Megabit connection via Time-Warner. I shudder to think of the bandwidth needed at schools ten or twenty times our size and with much heavier research components. Rollins was one of the first liberal arts colleges in the US to pass an open access policy and to begin delivering faculty research over the open web. The College is also well known for its business and its social entrepreneurship and community engagement programs. The students of these programs are highly entrepreneurial and these days that often means entrepreneurship online. I will talk more later about the problems of new entrants in the priority access model.
- We place a high premium on academic freedom, which means respect for multiple diverse perspectives. As librarians we also value access to information that is free to the end user. Although most of us are running hybrid operations of print and digital information, we are increasingly investing in digital content, and services. We and our users are heavy consumers of information, but we are also serving up large amounts of digital information. So network access in both directions I s important to us. I will talk more about this later. Our users have high expectations of our digital content, again, I will talk amore about this a bit later.
- Another way in which academic libraries resemble publics is that we are institutions embedded in larger organizations and serving larger communities. Obviously there is a huge variety of circumstances, but in general academic libraries are embedded in universities and colleges, just as many public libraries are embedded in cities and counties. Often, I would say usually, the decisions about network access, bandwidth, etc. are not being made within the library – public, school, or academic – but within the information technology organizations of these wider institutions. The Chief Information Officer of your organizations is the key decision maker. Do you know what they are thinking about net neutrality and priority access? Some are more aware than others of the nature of contemporary librarianship. Talk to your CIO, make sure you at least understand each others perspectives and if possible present a united front. As Larra mentioned, EDUCAUSE is a key organization that is making the case in Washington on behalf of higher education CIOs and it is the organization that those CIOs are listening to. in July 2014, EDUCAUSE joined other leading higher education and library associations in proposing a set of network neutrality principles for the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to use in developing new regulations to preserve the “open Internet.” So, you can expect to find an ally in the CIOs office. As I have been preparing for this webinar I have had an interesting conversation with out CIO here at Rollins. I would be happy to talk more about that if you are interested. One reason for that is the that the CIO pays the bills for networks access. Bandwidth and networks speed is one of those issues, like parking, that is a constant source of complaint on campus. I will talk a bit more about user expectations later. But this is definitely not just a library issue, we are only one of many heavy users and creators of Internet traffic on campus.
- But let’s just focus on libraries for a second. Often when we think about Internet access we think about how quickly is that search of a database completed, how quickly does that pdf file download and open, or how smooth is that streaming video. We are thinking about library users as consumers of information. This is very important. The days of the library building as primarily a store house of information – of books on the shelf – are long gone. Most of the content our users need access to now is online and served from large, 3rd party vendors like the ones I have listed here. These are the companies that will have to decide whether or not to pay for priority access and guess who they will pass those costs on to. Smaller, less wealthy publishers will be consigned to the “slow lane.” But as Holly pointed out, we are not just consumer s of large quantities of digital content, we are also increasingly providers of that content to the world from institutional repositories and digital archives. In fact many librarians think this is a role – library as publisher – will be even more important in the future. ACRL has collected comments about net neutrality from academic librarians throughout North America. A number of those commentators mentioned this role as producers. Think about land grant universities, with their mission to reach citizens throughout the state. Agricultural extension services online, could be severely hampered in underserved rural areas (often with ISP monopolies) if they are consigned to the “slow lane.” The promise of open access, open educational resources, of data intensive research, and of digital scholarship could also be compromised if we lose net neutrality. Are we going to have to consider whether or not we should also pay our Internet service provider for priority access, or will our content be forced to creep along in the slow lane, where users and readers will have a much less satisfactory, slower, less richly featured experience?
- But net neutrality doesn’t just affect data as content – digital images, video, online journal articles, and e-books. Academic libraries are also rapidly moving into cloud based operations. The next generation of integrated library systems are not located on servers in the IT building or the data center on campus, where access depends on the quality and speed of the campus network, they are in the cloud out on the Internet. Each check out transition, each bib record and holdings update, each interlibrary loan transaction, even our institutional repositories in some cases (Rollins like many colleges uses BEPress’ Digital Commons and OCLC’s Contentdm for our IRs) travel to and from servers in remote locations through out institution’s Internet connection. And this is not just a library issue – increasingly campus e-mail, the LMS, even the enterprise wide system that forms the backbone of administrative work on our campus – are moving to the cloud. Decisions about moving to the cloud or to next generation administrative systems are complex already, do we really want our ISP to have a say in them?
- So this needs to become a topic of conversation with your vendors. Rollins recently contracted with Ex Libris for their new Alma universal resource management system and Primo their discovery layer. Both are cloud-based. During the negotiations we asked them about their attitude to towards net neutrality and priority access. Like all good sales people they hedged the issue. But they did say that they had contracts with federal agencies which details very specific service levels. It was too soon to tell how Internet service providers might actually act under a new model, but Ex Libris will do what it takes to meet those service level requirements. Good, but as I asked earlier, guess who they will pass those costs on to? Many companies and non-profits that serve the educational market (for example CodeAcademy and Open Currcilum) are as concerned as colleges and universities about the possible end of net neutrality and are already active in the debate.
- To paraphrase John Donne no library is an island, we are all “a piece of the continent/ a part of the main.” Our students and faculty, don’t make a distinction between a video distributed via YouTube and one delivered from Kanopy. If Google has paid a premium to ensure smooth streaming of video content, our users will expect no less from our academic streaming video sites whether those are on-campus, home grown video, or delivered from a 3rd party vendor like Kanopy. This fourth bullet point is something a librarian said to me back in the early 90’s at the birth of the consumer Internet, but it remains just as true today. We are all experienced that momentary frustration, the outrage, of wondering why it is taking so long for a search to retrieve results, for a pdf article to load, or a video to start playing. Priority access to the internet will simply exacerbate this problem and in a world where students are overwhelmed with information choices they will abandon slow sites for fast ones and we will lose users. And there is another, very important, way in which the end of net neutrality will affect this complex information ecology in which we and our users live. Priority access will benefit the established players who have the resources to pay a premium – the Googles, Netflix, and Facebooks of the world. New entrants, the diverse voices that Holly spoke of, the entrepreneurial students at Rollins that I mentioned earlier developing the next generation of disruptive technologies, will find it even harder to break through because they will not have the financial resources to pay for premium access, and neither will libraries.