3. ACUTE RENAL FAILURE
The glomerular filtration rate is reduced,
Sudden retention of endogenous and exogenous metabolites (urea,
potassium, phosphate, sulfate, creatinine, administered drugs),
The urine volume is usually low (under 400 mL/day).

4. Prerenal Failure
Arrhythmias Antihypertensive Drugs
Cardiac Tamponade Sepsis
Cardiogenic Shock Arterial Embolism
Heart Failure Arterial Or Venous Thrombosis
Myocardial Infarction Tumor
Burns Disseminated Intravascular
Coagulation
Dehydration
Eclampsia
Diuretic Overuse
Malignant Hypertension
Hemorrhage
Vasculitis.
Hypovolemic Shock
Trauma

5. Intrarenal Failure
Poorly Treated Prerenal Failure Malignant Nephrosclerosis
Nephrotoxins Papillary Necrosis
Obstetric Complications Polyarteritis Nodosa
Crush Injuries Renal Myeloma
Myopathy Sickle Cell Disease
Transfusion Reaction Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Acute Glomerulonephritis Vasculitis.
Acute Interstitial Nephritis
Acute Pyelonephritis
Bilateral Renal Vein Thrombosis

6. Postrenal Failure
Bladder Obstruction
Ureteral Obstruction
Urethral Obstruction

9. Prerenal Failure
Prerenal failure  blood flow to the kidneys leads to
hypoperfusion.
Azotemia  consequence of renal hypoperfusion  excess
nitrogenous waste products in the blood  develops in 40% to
80% of all cases of acute renal failure.
Renal blood flow is interrupted  oxygen delivery 
hypoxemia and ischemia  damage the kidney.
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)  electrolyte imbalance
and metabolic acidosis
Tubular reabsorption of sodium and water

10. Intrarenal Failure
Intrinsic or parenchymal renal failure  damage to the filtering
structures of the kidneys
Causes of intrarenal failure are classified as nephrotoxic,
inflammatory, or ischemic.
Nephrotoxicity or inflammation  the delicate layer under the
epithelium irreparably damaged.
Severe or prolonged lack of blood flow by ischemia  renal damage
(ischemic parenchymal injury) + excess nitrogen in the blood
(intrinsic renal azotemia).
The fluid loss  hypotension  ischemia  ischemic tissue  toxic
oxygen-free radicals  cause swelling, injury, necrosis.
The necrosis caused by nephrotoxins tends to be uniform and limited
to the proximal tubules, whereas ischemia necrosis tends to be
patchy and distributed along various parts of the nephron.

11. Postrenal Failure
Bilateral obstruction of urine outflow (the bladder, ureters, or urethra) 
postrenal failure
Bladder obstruction  anticholinergic drugs, autonomic nerve
dysfunction, Infection, tumors.
Ureteral obstructions  blood clots, Calculi, edema or inflammation,
necrotic renal papillae, retroperitoneal fibrosis or hemorrhage, surgery,
tumor or uric acid crystals.
Urethral obstruction  prostatic hyperplasia, tumor, or strictures.

12. Three Distinct Phases

15. Signs And Symptoms