1. HEPC01HEPC01
Sport & ExerciseSport & Exercise
Physiology & AnatomyPhysiology & Anatomy
The Cardiovascular SystemThe Cardiovascular System
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2. Respiratory recapRespiratory recap
 Describe the passage of air through the
respiratory system
 How is gas breathed in and out mechanically?
 What factors affect the rate that we
breath at?
 What is FVC?
 What happens if you hold your breath whilst
exercising?

3. Aims/ObjectivesAims/Objectives
 The components of CV system
 Factors that affect the Heart’s output
 How blood is transported around the body
 Blood pressure and response
 Electrical activity of the heart
 Regulation of the heart’s activity
 Some responses to activity

4. Oxygenated
Blood
Deoxygenated
Blood

5. Major Cardiovascular Functions
Delivery (O2 and nutrients)
Removal (CO2 waste products)
Transportation (Hormones)
Maintenance (Body temperature, pH)
Prevention (Infection—immune function)
What are the functions?

6. The HeartThe Heart

7. The HeartThe Heart
 Wall comprised of 3 layersWall comprised of 3 layers

Outer layer:Outer layer: pericardiumpericardium

Middle layer:Middle layer: myocardiummyocardium

Inner layer:Inner layer: endocardiumendocardium

8. Valve FunctionValve Function

9. Atrioventricular (AV)Atrioventricular (AV)
valvesvalves
 Separate theSeparate the
atria from theatria from the
ventriclesventricles
– bicuspid (mitral)bicuspid (mitral)
valve – left sidevalve – left side
– tricuspid valve –tricuspid valve –
right sideright side
anterior

10. Semilunar valvesSemilunar valves
 Pulmonary
semilunar valves
 Aortic semilunar
valves
 Things that can go wrong
– Incompetent – does’nt
close correctly
– Stenosis – hardened,
even calcified, and does
not close correctly

11. Contraction - Systole
Relaxation - Diastole
The CardiacThe Cardiac
cyclecycle

12. Cardiac Output (Q)Cardiac Output (Q)
SV = Stroke Volume (ml/beat)SV = Stroke Volume (ml/beat)
HR = Heart Rate (beats/min)HR = Heart Rate (beats/min)
Q = Cardiac Output (ml/min)Q = Cardiac Output (ml/min)

13. Factors Affecting SVFactors Affecting SV
 3 most important factors:3 most important factors:
–Preload
–ContractilityContractility
–AfterloadAfterload
amount ventricles are stretchedamount ventricles are stretched
by contained bloodby contained blood
cardiac cell contractile forcecardiac cell contractile force
due to factors other than EDVdue to factors other than EDV
back pressure exerted byback pressure exerted by
blood in the large arteries leaving the heartblood in the large arteries leaving the heart

15. The Blood VesselsThe Blood Vessels
ARTERY
VEIN
CAPILLARY
Aorta  Arteries  Arterioles
 Capillaries
Capillaries  Venules  Veins
 Vena Cava (S or I)

16. Arterial systemArterial system
 High pressureHigh pressure
tubes, conduct Otubes, conduct O22
rich bloodrich blood
 Composed of layersComposed of layers
of connective tissueof connective tissue
and smooth muscleand smooth muscle
 Thick walls so noThick walls so no
gas exchangegas exchange
occursoccurs
 AortaAorta
 ArteriolesArterioles
 CapillariesCapillaries
ARTERY

17. blood
to the
heart
backflow
preventedvein valve
open
vein valve
closed
The veinsThe veins
 CapacitanceCapacitance
vesselsvessels
 Venous PoolingVenous Pooling

20. Blood pressureBlood pressure
 Surge of blood enters aorta with eachSurge of blood enters aorta with each
contractioncontraction
 Peripheral vessels do not allow run off asPeripheral vessels do not allow run off as
rapidly as it is ejected from heartrapidly as it is ejected from heart
 Therefore a portion is stored in aortaTherefore a portion is stored in aorta
 This creates pressure down arterial system toThis creates pressure down arterial system to
remote branches (pulse)remote branches (pulse)

21. Arterial blood pressureArterial blood pressure
 BP = force exerted by blood againstBP = force exerted by blood against
arterial wallsarterial walls
– How much blood is pumpedHow much blood is pumped
– Resistance to blood flowResistance to blood flow
 SphygmomanometerSphygmomanometer
 Normal - 120 mmHgNormal - 120 mmHg
8080
 Systolic / diastolicSystolic / diastolic

22. Blood Pressure

23. Blood pressureBlood pressure
 SystolicSystolic blood ejected duringblood ejected during
ventricular systoleventricular systole
 DiastolicDiastolic ventricular relaxationventricular relaxation

24. Factors increasing BPFactors increasing BP

25. HypertensionHypertension
 <120/<80 – normal<120/<80 – normal
 140-159 / 90-99 – Stage 1 hypertension140-159 / 90-99 – Stage 1 hypertension
 160 or higher / 100 or higher – Stage 2160 or higher / 100 or higher – Stage 2
 Absolute contraindicaction -Absolute contraindicaction -

27. Mean Arterial PressureMean Arterial Pressure
 DBP +PP (pulse pressure)DBP +PP (pulse pressure)
 The pressure the arteries wouldThe pressure the arteries would
sustain if blood flow was constantsustain if blood flow was constant
See alsoSee also Rate-Pressure ProductRate-Pressure Product
 The workload of the myocardiumThe workload of the myocardium
 SBPxHR/100SBPxHR/100
 Angina…Angina…

28. INTRINSIC
CONDUCTION
SYSTEM

29. Electrical ActivityElectrical Activity
SA node generates impulse; atrial excitation begins
Impulse delayed at AV node, then passed to ventricles
Enters AV bundle branches, excitation begins at apex
Purkinje Fibres spread throughout vent. (speed x6)

30. PHASES OF A RESTING ECG

31. TAKING AN EXERCISE ECG

32. Extrinsic Regulation of HRExtrinsic Regulation of HR
 ParasympatheticParasympathetic (( HR)HR)
– Acetylcholine
– Acts through vagus nerve, affects atria
– Reduced stimuli increases HR to 100
 SympatheticSympathetic (( HR & force of contraction)HR & force of contraction)
– Adrenaline / noradrenaline
– Accelerates SA depolarization (chronotropic) (atria & vent)
– Myocardial contractility x2 (inotropic)
– Vasoconstriction around body
Central RegulationCentral Regulation
– Greatest control of HRGreatest control of HR
in Ex.in Ex.
– Anticipatory HRAnticipatory HR
Peripheral InputPeripheral Input
– ChemoreceptorsChemoreceptors
– MechanoreceptorsMechanoreceptors
– BaroreceptorBaroreceptor

33. What
What influences your heart rate?

36. Cardiac ArrythmiasCardiac Arrythmias
 1) Irregular heart rhythm1) Irregular heart rhythm
– Bradycardia (“slow heart”)Bradycardia (“slow heart”)
– Tachycardia (“fast heart”)Tachycardia (“fast heart”)
 2) Premature Ventricular Contraction PVC2) Premature Ventricular Contraction PVC
(skipped/extra beats)(skipped/extra beats)
– Pulses outside SA nodePulses outside SA node
 3) Atrial flutter + atrial fibrillation3) Atrial flutter + atrial fibrillation
(200-400 beats/min)(200-400 beats/min)
– Little blood pumpedLittle blood pumped

37. Cardiac ArrhythmiaCardiac Arrhythmia
 4) Ventricular tachycardia4) Ventricular tachycardia
– 3 or more premature contractions can3 or more premature contractions can
lead to ventricular fibrillationlead to ventricular fibrillation
– Heart cannot pump bloodHeart cannot pump blood
– Cause of most cardiac deathsCause of most cardiac deaths
– CPRCPR

38. Cardiovascular responseCardiovascular response
to exerciseto exercise
Anticipatory Heart Rate
The brain releases chemicals when you think you are
about to exercise. This increases HR before any
physical activity is performed.
Redirection of blood flow
Vasodilation
Vasoconstriction
Increase in heart rate in line with intensity
What would the maximum HR be?
Short Term changes are seen when exercise is being
performed.

39. Blood Flow Changes During Exercise inBlood Flow Changes During Exercise in
cmcm33
/min/min

40. Short term response to exercise –Short term response to exercise –
Blood PressureBlood Pressure
250mmHg!!
115mmHg!!
+20mmHg!!

41.  HR response
– Incremental, proportional
– Cardiovascular drift
 SV response
– Increases then plateaus
 Q response
 Plasma volume
 VO2
Cardiovascular responseCardiovascular response
to exerciseto exercise

42. (McArdle, 2010)
Cardiac Dimensions
Cardiac Output
VO2max
Blood Pressure
Blood Volume
Blood Lipids & lipoproteins

44. Review of the Aims/ObjectivesReview of the Aims/Objectives
 The components of CV systemThe components of CV system
 Factors that affect the Heart’s outputFactors that affect the Heart’s output
 How blood is transported around the bodyHow blood is transported around the body
 Blood pressure and responseBlood pressure and response
 Electrical activity of the heartElectrical activity of the heart
 Regulation of the heart’s activityRegulation of the heart’s activity
 Some responses to activitySome responses to activity

45. Further readingFurther reading
 LearningSpace for notes & review questionsLearningSpace for notes & review questions