2. WHAT IS FIRST AID?
 FIRST AID IS THE MEDICAL EMERGENCY CARE OF
THE SICK OR INJURED PERSON UNTIL MEDICAL
ARRIVES.
 A person does not need a certificate to perform
first aid 
 Remember that each situation is different and if
resuscitation is needed, then any attempt is
better than none at all.

3. LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY OF
A FIRST AIDER:
 Agreement with the employer and fellow
employees to assist them when necessary
 GOOD SAMARITAN 

4. WHAT IS EXPECTED OF YOU
AS A FIRST AIDER:
 Act within the limits of your ability at all times
 Privacy of the casualty is important. You should
not talk about the incident giving information
that can identify the casualty.
 In control of the First Aid Kit
 Completed Incident / Accident Report

5. INCIDENT REPORTING
 An incident report should contain:
 NAME OF CASUALTY
 TIME OF THE INCIDENT
 HISTORY OF INCIDENT
 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
 ACTION TAKEN
 NAME AND CONTACT DETAILS OF THE FIRST AIDER
 NAME AND CONTACT DETAILS OF ANY WITNESS TO
INCIDENT

6. PRIORITIES IN AN EMERGENCY
 First priority is your SAFETY.
 Assess the situation quickly
 Ensure the safety of the first aider, casualty &
bystanders
 Call for help
 Commence appropriate treatment- ABC
(Airway, Breathing, Circulation)

7. 5B’s for Prioritizing Incident:
•BREATHING
•BLEEDING
•BURNS
•BONES
•BITES

8.  SIGN- is something that the first aider can see.
Ex: pale, shaking, uncoordinated
 SYMPTOM- is something that the casualty feels.
Ex: headache, nausea, dizziness

9. VITAL SIGNS:
 PULSE RATE – 60 to 100 beats per minute
 RESPIRATIONS – 10 to 20 breaths per minute
 TEMPERATURE – 37 degree Celsius
 BLOOD PRESSURE – 110/70 – 120/80 mmHg

10. What to look for?
 Skin Colour
 Hydration
 Level of Consciousness

11. Level of Consciousness
1.) FULLY CONSCIOUS – the casualty responds
normally to questions
2.) SEMI- CONSCIOUS – confused, disoriented,
slurred speech
3.) UNCONSCIOUS – the casualty is unrousable
and unresponsive

13. Treatment for ABDOMINAL
PAIN
Call 117 if:
 You have pain & tenderness to the touch in the
lower right abdomen with fever and/or vomiting.
These may be signs of appendicitis.
 For heartburn from gastroesophageal reflux
disease (GERD), take an over the counter antacid
or acid reducer
 For constipation, take a mild stool softener or
laxative
 For pain, take acetaminophen.

16. BLEEDING CUTS OR
WOUNDS
Call 177 if:
 Bleeding is severe
 You suspect internal bleeding
 There is an abdominal or chest wound
 Bleeding can’t be stopped after 10minutes of firm
& steady pressure
 Blood spurts out of wound

17. to STOP BLEEDING
 Apply direct pressure on the cut or wound with
a clean cloth, tissue, or piece of gauze until
bleeding stops
 If blood soaks through the material, don’t
remove it. Put more cloth or gauze on top of it
and continue to apply pressure.
 If the wound is on the arm or leg, raise limb
above the heart to help slow bleeding
 Wash your hands again after giving first aid and
before cleaning and dressing the wound

19. BROKEN ARM Treatment
Call 117 if:
 The person is seriously injured
 You suspect an injury to the person’s head, neck,
or back
 Bone is sticking out of the skin
 Bleeding doesn’t stop after several minutes of firm
pressure
 Blood spurts from the wound

20. BROKEN ARM Treatment
1.) Stop the Bleeding if Necessary
• Apply firm pressure to the wound area with a
clean cloth until bleeding stops
• If bone is pushing through skin, do not touch it or
try to put it back in place

21. BROKEN ARM Treatment
2.) Reduce Swelling
• Apply ice
• Elevate the arm above the heart, if possible
3.) Immobilize Arm

24. THERMAL BURNS
Call 117 if:
 Burn penetrates all layers of skin
 Skin is leathery or charred looking, with white,
brown, or black patches
 Burn blister is larger than two inches or oozes
 Hands, feet, face, or genitals are burned
 The person is an infant or a senior

25. For All Burns
 STOP BURNING IMMEDIATELY
 Put out fire or stop the person’s contact with hot liquid,
steam, or other material
 Help the person “stop, drop, and roll” to smother
flames
 Remove smoldering material from the person
 Remove hot or burned clothing. If clothing sticks to
skin, cut or tear around it.
REMOVE CONSTRICTIVE CLOTHING IMMEDIATELY
Take off jewelry, belts, and tight clothing. Burns can
swell quickly.

26. for FIRST DEGREE BURNS
(affecting TOP LAYER of the
skin)
Cool Burn
Hold burned skin under cool (not cold) running water
or immerse in cool until pain subsides
Use compresses if running water isn’t available
Protect Burn
 Cover with sterile, non adhesive bandage or clean
cloth
 Do not apply butter or ointments, w/c can cause
infection
Treat Pain
 Give the over-the-counter pain reliever such as
Ibuprofen

27. For SECOND DEGREE BURNS
(affecting top 2 layers of skin)
COOL BURN
 Immerse in cool water for 10 or 15 minutes
 Use compress if running water isn’t available
 Don’t apply ice. It can lower body temperature
and cause further damage
 Don’t break blisters or apply butter or ointments,
which can cause infection

28. For SECOND DEGREE BURNS
(affecting top 2 layers of skin)
PROTECT BURN
 Cover loosely with sterile, nonstick bandage and
secure in place with gauze or tape
PREVENT SHOCK
Lay the person flat
Elevate feet about 12 inches
Elevate burn area above heart level, if possible
Cover the person with coat or blanket

29. for THIRD DEGREE BURNS
 Call 117
 PROTECT BURN AREA
 Cover loosely with sterile, nonstick bandage or,
for large areas, a sheet or other material that
won’t leave lint in wound
 Separate burned toes & fingers with dry, sterile
dressing
 Do not soak burn in water or apply ointments or
butter, which can cause infection

30. for THIRD DEGREE BURNS
 PREVENT SHOCK
 (unless the person has a head, neck, or leg injury
or it would cause discomfort)
 Lay the person flat
 Elevate feet about 12 inches
 Elevate burn area above heart level, if possible
 Cover the person with coat or blanket
 For an airway burn, do not place pillow under the
person’s head when the person is lying down.
 Have a person with facial burn sit up

32. CHOKING Treatment
Call 117 if:
 The person is choking
 The person is unconscious
While waiting for 117 ..

33. CHOKING Treatment
 If the person is CONSCIOUS but NOT ABLE TO
BREATHE OR TALK:
1.) Give BACK BLOWS
 Give up to 5 blows between the shoulder blades
with the heel of your hand
If the person is still choking, do THRUSTS

34. CHOKING Treatment
Do THRUSTS:
 Stand behind the person and wrap your arms around
the waist
 Place your clenched fist just above the person’s navel.
Grab your fist with your other hand
 Quickly pull inward and upward
 Continue cycles of 5 back blows & 5 abdominal thrusts
until the object is coughed up or the person starts to
breathe or cough
 Take the object out of his mouth only if you can see it.
Never do a finger sweep unless you can see the
object in the person’s mouth

36. CHOKING Treatment
Give CPR, if necessary
 (if the obstruction comes out, but the person is not
breathing or if the person becomes unconscious)

37. CPR (Cardio-Pulmonary
Resuscitation)
Check Responsiveness
 Tap the person’s shoulder and shout, “Are you
OK?”
 Look for normal breathing. Call 117 if there is no
response.

38. CPR (Cardio-Pulmonary
Resuscitation)
Do Chest Compression
 Place the heel of your hand on the center of the
person’s chest
 Place the heel of your hand on top of your first hand,
lacing fingers together
 Keep arms straight and your shoulders directly over
your hands
 Push hard & fast, compressing chest at least 2 inches
 Let chest rise completely before pushing down again
 Compress at least 100 times per minute

39. CPR (Cardio-Pulmonary
Resuscitation)
STOP only if…
 The person starts breathing normally
 A trained responder or emergency help takes
over
 You are too exhausted to continue
 There is an automated defibrillator (AED) to use

43. CUTS or LACERATIONS
Treatment
Call 117 if:
 A cut is bleeding severely
 Blood is spurting out
 Bleeding can’t be stopped after 10 minutes of
firm and steady pressure

44. CUTS or LACERATIONS
Treatment
1.) STOP THE BLEEDING
apply direct pressure on the area
2.) CLEAN AND PROTECT
clean the area with warm water & gentle
soap
apply an antibiotic ointment
put a sterile bandage on the area.
3.) CALL A HEALTH CARE PROVIDER
if: the cut is deep
the cut is from human or animal bite

46. DIZZINESS Treatment
Call 117 if:
a change in vision or speech
chest pain
shortness of breath
rapid, irregular, or very slow heart beat
convulsions or ongoing vomiting
dizziness that comes after a head injury
double vision
fainting or loss of consciousness
inability to move an arm or leg
slurred speech
numbness or tingling

47. DIZZINESS Treatment
1.) TREAT SYMPTOMS
The person should sit down or lie still
If the person gets light-headed when standing,
the person should stand up slowly
Avoid sudden changes in position
If the person is thirsty, have him or her drink
fluids
Avoid bright lights

48. DIZZINESS Treatment
2.) Call a Health Care Professional
if:
This is the first time the person has been dizzy
The dizziness is different than before or
doesn’t go away quickly

50. EYE BURNS
Call 117 if:
Eyeball looks cloudy
The person notices a sudden change in
vision

51. EYE BURNS
1.) FLUSH EYES
Fill a sink or dishpan with cool water
Have the person put his/her face in water
The person should open and close eyes to
get water to all parts of eye

53. EYE INJURY
Call 117 if:
An object such as piece of glass or metal is
sticking out of the eye
1.) Chemical Exposure
2.) Blow to the eye
3.) Foreign particle in eye

54. EYE INJURY
FOR CHEMICAL EXPOSURE
Don’t rub eyes
Immediately wash out the eye with lots of
water.
Get medical help while you are doing this, of
after 15 to 20 minutes of continuous
flushing
Don’t bandage the eye

55. EYE INJURY
FOR A BLOW TO THE EYE
Apply a cold compress, but don’t put
pressure on the eye
Take over-the-counter medicine for pain
If there is bruising, bleeding, change in
vision, or it hurts when your eye moves,
see a doctor right away

56. EYE INJURY
FOR A FOREIGN PARTICLE IN EYE
Don’t rub the eye
Pull the upper lid down & blink repeatedly
If particle is still there, rinse with eyewash
If rinsing doesn’t help, close eye, bandage it
lightly and see a doctor

58. FAINTING Treatment
Call 117 if:
Has blue lips or face
An irregular or slow heartbeat
Chest pain
Difficulty breathing
Is difficult to awaken
Acts confused

59. FAINTING Treatment
1.) Make the person safe
Lay the person flat on his or her back
Elevate the person’s leg to restore blood
flow to the brain
Loosen tight clothing

60. FAINTING Treatment
2.) Try to Revive the Person
Shake the person vigorously, tap briskly, or yell
If the person doesn’t stop, call 117 immediately
Stay with the person until he or she is fully
recovered.

62. ELECTRIC SHOCK Treatment
Call 117 if:
The person has been injured by an electrical
shock
Electrical Shock always need emergency medical
attention – even if the person seems to be fine
afterward.

63. ELECTRIC SHOCK Treatment
1.) SEPARATE THE PERSON FROM CURRENT’S
SOURCE
-Turn Off Power
Unplug an appliance if plug is undamaged
or shut off power via circuit breaker,
fuse box, or outside switch

64. ELECTRIC SHOCK Treatment
-If you Can’t turn off power
Stand on something dry and non-conductive,
such as dry newspaper, telephone book, or
wooden board
Try to separate the person from current using
non-conductive object such as wooden or
plastic broom handle, chair, or rubber doormat

65. ELECTRIC SHOCK Treatment
-if HIGH VOLTAGE LINES are involved:
The local power company must shut them off
Do not try to separate the person from current if
you feel a tingling sensation in your legs and
lower body. Hop on one foot to a safe place
where you can wait for lines to be
disconnected

66. ELECTRIC SHOCK Treatment
2.) Do CPR, if Necessary
When you can safely touch the person, do CPR if the
person is NOT BREATHING or does not have a PULSE
3.) Check for other Injuries
If the person is bleeding, apply pressure and elevate
the wound if it’s in an arm or leg
There may be a fracture if the shock caused the
person to fall

68. HEART ATTACK Treatment
1.) Know Heart Attack Symptoms
Chest discomfort that may last more than a few
minutes or go away come back.
Pain or discomfort in the upper body, including arm,
left shoulder, back, neck, jaw, or below the
breastbone
Difficulty of breathing or shortness of breath
Sweating or “cold sweat”
Indigestion, heartburn, nausea, or vomiting
Light-headedness, dizziness, or extreme weakness
Anxiety or rapid or irregular heartbeats

70. HEAT STROKE Treatment
Call 117 if:
Body temperature above 103 degree F
Rapid pulse
Reduced Sweating
Disorientation
Unconsciousness
Seizure
Warm, red, dry skin

71. HEAT STROKE Treatment
2.) Lower Body Temperature quickly while waiting for
Emergency Services to Arrive
Get the person into air conditioning if possible
or out of the sun
Spray the person with cool water, or apply cold
wet cloths or ice packs to the armpits,
neck, and groin
Fan air across the person to increase cooling
Do not give the person anything to drink if the
person is not alert

72. HEAT STROKE Treatment
3.) Treat Symptoms
If the person experiences seizures, keep him
or her safe from injury
If the person vomits, turn the person on his or
her side to keep the airway open

74. NOSEBLEEDS Treatment
1.) Stop the Bleeding
Have the person sit up straight and lean forward
slightly. Don’t have person lie down or tilt the
head backward
With thumb and index finger, firmly pinch the
nose just below the bone up against the face
Apply pressure for 5 minutes.
If bleeding continues after 5 minutes, repeat the
process

77. Apply ________ pressure on the cut or wound with
a clean cloth, tissue, or piece of gauze until
bleeding stops
If blood soaks through material, ___________.
If the wound is on arm or leg, _________ limb
______ heart to help slow bleeding
Wash your hands again _______ giving first aid and
______ before cleaning and dressing the wound