ETHICS IN URBAN PLANNING 10 Case Study 3: Ethics in Urban Planning Helms School of Government, Liberty University PADM 708 B01 Submitted: June 13, 2021 Author Note I have no conflict of interest to disclose. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Email: INTRODUCTIONComment by Author: Need an analysis of what is in the Wachs’ article. The social fabric of city public spaces is a considerably subtlesubtle and complex issue. Ideally, it needs to offer people physical security and necessary privacy as required to grow smart. The objective of ethics in urban planning is to promote good urban governance, transparency, and accountability in practice. Fundamentally, it helps eradicate sleaze dealings, conflicts of personal interests, and the misuse of power to uphold public trust and justice in local government accomplishment. Mostly, disputes between private and professional ethical frameworks create cognitive and emotional dissention to varying levels of seriousness affecting urban planning undesirably (Lauria & Long, 2019). Frequently, Planning planning issues frequently comprise a conflict of values. Habitually, there are substantial private interests in the balance. These issues emphasize the significance of the maximum standards of justice and honesty amongst all contributors. In this paper, a case study is discussed concerning an article by Wachs (1989) - When Planners Lie with Numbers, as a basis for the case study work. Comment by Author: Wachs’ article explores possible lawfully espoused strategies upsetting how employees can show discord from designated executives or forecasting commission and determination of public interest. Ideally, it discusses moral standards used for data and scrutiny based on the Code of Ethics and Proficient Conduct of the American Institute of Certified Planners. Furthermore, the author highlights a tale of two cities in planning leadership context to show how developers have retorted in various ways to the decent predicaments ascending in public plan decision-making (Wachs, 1989, p. 479). Besides, the paper encompasses dialogue and analysis of ethics in data use in keeping with the American Institute of Certified Planners. Additionally, it discusses and analyzes descriptive ethical matters tangled in exploiting statistics, statistical methods, and data. Primarily, the article discusses and analyses the analytical, moral disputes convoluted in misusing statistics, statistical methods, and data, including why ethical issues occur. Furthermore, ethical prescriptive problems will explore recommendations of what can be done accomplished to correct the issues with all the aspects of the discussions and analyses incorporating relevant Biblical viewpoints concerning planning based on scriptures. ETHICS IN DATA USE Data ethics move around moral problems associated with data from its generation to use. The current American Institute of Certified Planners (AICP) Code of Ethics holds ...

1. ETHICS IN URBAN PLANNING 10
Case Study 3: Ethics in Urban Planning
Helms School of Government, Liberty University
PADM 708 B01
Submitted: June 13, 2021
Author Note
I have no conflict of interest to disclose.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to
Email:
INTRODUCTIONComment by Author: Need an analysis of what
is in the Wachs’ article.
The social fabric of city public spaces is a considerably
subtlesubtle and complex issue. Ideally, it needs to offer people
physical security and necessary privacy as required to grow
smart. The objective of ethics in urban planning is to promote
good urban governance, transparency, and accountability in
practice. Fundamentally, it helps eradicate sleaze dealings,
conflicts of personal interests, and the misuse of power to

2. uphold public trust and justice in local government
accomplishment. Mostly, disputes between private and
professional ethical frameworks create cognitive and emotional
dissention to varying levels of seriousness affecting urban
planning undesirably (Lauria & Long, 2019). Frequently,
Planning planning issues frequently comprise a conflict of
values. Habitually, there are substantial private interests in the
balance. These issues emphasize the significance of the
maximum standards of justice and honesty amongst all
contributors. In this paper, a case study is discussed concerning
an article by Wachs (1989) - When Planners Lie with Numbers,
as a basis for the case study work. Comment by Author:
Wachs’ article explores possible lawfully espoused strategies
upsetting how employees can show discord from designated
executives or forecasting commission and determination of
public interest. Ideally, it discusses moral standards used for
data and scrutiny based on the Code of Ethics and Proficient
Conduct of the American Institute of Certified Planners.
Furthermore, the author highlights a tale of two cities in
planning leadership context to show how developers have
retorted in various ways to the decent predicaments ascending
in public plan decision-making (Wachs, 1989, p. 479). Besides,
the paper encompasses dialogue and analysis of ethics in data
use in keeping with the American Institute of Certified
Planners. Additionally, it discusses and analyzes descriptive
ethical matters tangled in exploiting statistics, statistical
methods, and data. Primarily, the article discusses and analyses
the analytical, moral disputes convoluted in misusing statistics,
statistical methods, and data, including why ethical issues
occur. Furthermore, ethical prescriptive problems will explore
recommendations of what can be done accomplished to correct
the issues with all the aspects of the discussions and analyses
incorporating relevant Biblical viewpoints concerning planning
based on scriptures. ETHICS IN DATA USE
Data ethics move around moral problems associated with data
from its generation to use. The current American Institute of

3. Certified Planners (AICP) Code of Ethics holds two applicable
references regarding evidence controlling that describes ethics
in data use (Schweitzer & Afzalan, 2017). For instance, the
segment concerns the profession’s responsibilities to the civic,
stating that it protects against deliberate or irresponsible
indifference failure to give adequate, reasonable, clear, and
accurate information about planning matters. Secondly,
information management is related to long-lasting criticisms
against revealing personal information and ideologies widely
across all careers. This can range from wellbeing to
improvement, which can use material regarding persons and
organizations.
The code Code protects against personal advantage ensuring
customer or company data acquired in a certified association
that the customer or boss has demanded detained unaltered.
According to Schweitzer and Afzalan (2017), the code protects
against information that should be recognized as confidential
since its disclosure could lead to humiliation or other
disadvantages to the customer or company. 1 Corinthians 6:9-10
(The King James Version, 2020) argues that all evildoers shall
inherit the kingdom of God as the bible discourages acting
against ethical standards of the human being. This accentuates
the need for honesty in a biblical perspective for Christians with
good ethics.Comment by Author: The course is urban planning
in state and local government rather than business
AICP Code of Ethics holds that reliable statistics should not be
revealed except when obligatory by the law procedure or in case
the information is required to avert a blatant violation of the
law. This makes it clear that the court of law has the power over
the ethics practices only. Additionally, the code specifies an
exception when the information is mandatory to dodge a
considerable grievance to the community. Besides, exposé,
according to the above articles, shall not be made until after
verification of the facts and matters surrounding a case and
utilizedused efforts to reevaluate the matter in feasible
scenarios. Furthermore, the code requires seeking separate

4. views on the matter from other qualified experts working for the
organization in question. DESCRIPTIVE ETHICAL ISSUES IN
MISUSING STATISTICS, METHODS & DATA
There are numerous possible waysways in which unethical
issues or conduct can occur in misusing statistics, methods, and
data. One of the ethical issues is corrupt leadership. For
instance, breeding a personal problem with one’s superior at the
workplace is different from reporting to someone acting
unethically to the top management. Biblically, we should seek
spiritual counseling and guidance to avoid unnecessary damages
to both physical and spiritual life. Proverbs 15:22 (The King
James Version, 2020) says, “Without counsel, purposes are
disappointed: but in the multitude of counselorscounselors, they
are established."
In most cases, a lack of ethical practices may present in a clear
form like manipulating numerical values in a report or spending
corporate funds on unsuitable activities. However, it can also
occur more skillfully in the manner of bullying, enduring
inappropriate gifts from customers, or asking for a favor that
violates a standard procedure merely once. With research
findings showing that managers are accountable for mainstream
workplace misbehavior, the misuse of leadership authority is an
unfortunate reality (Linstead, Maréchal & Griffin, 2014;
Forester, 2004).
Using statistical methods, procedures, or models to generate
distorted or false results through fabrication can result in
descriptive misuse of statistics, processes, and data in planning.
Gardenier and Resnik (2002) state that the federal government
and the scientific community have changed to a thin explanation
of misconduct that centers on fabrication, falsification, and
plagiarism (p. 257). However, the new federal policy stipulates
that the misuse of statistics can be categorized as an indication
of misconduct when it comprisesincludes deliberate deception.
Mainly, fabricationFabrication occurs when planners
incorporate falsifying data, information, or results. Besides,
falsification if the missuses encompass manipulation, alteration,

5. or ignoring data or products within the planners' descriptive
statistics. Mismanagements of figures data that does not contain
connote deliberate dishonesty could be regarded as an authentic
blunder, ineptitude, partiality, or grave eccentricities from
adequate exercise. Nonetheless, an individual who makes many
errors through haste, ignorance, or disorder may be described as
a neglectful person or deficient of the desirable level of
competence, statistical or something else.
Failing to discloseNot disclosing vital information regarding
statistical methodology to researchers is a defining ethical issue
in misusing statistics, methods, and data (Gardenier & Resnik,
2002). Misuses of statistics can at some point violate several
moral obligations and sometimes not. An example is the
obligation to be candid, the responsibility to be impartial, the
burden of evading fault, and the commitment to be uncluttered
in statistical planning activities. In addition, disclosing vital
information on statistical methods can promote transaction
transparency. If an individual's data is used, they need to be
granted transparent access to the algorithm design applied in the
generation of aggregate data sets. Comment by Author:
Descriptive ethics, also known as comparative ethics, is the
study of what people believe to be right and wrong and why
they believe it. Descriptive ethics describes how people act
according to their moral standards. This is different from
prescriptive ethics that concerns how people should act.
Planners who study descriptive ethics are concerned with human
behavior because of beliefs about what is right or wrong, or
good or bad, based on whether that behavior is effective. These
planners are concerned with ethics of a group, society, or a
culture and what is performed by them. Different groups,
peoples, and cultures have different morals and ethics.
ANALYTICAL ETHICAL ISSUES IN MISUSING
STATISTICS, METHODS, AND DATA
Unethical leadership occurs because of inadequate or lack of
previous research. This can pose a challenge to the organization
as the company's bank on evidence as a basis for strategy and

6. policy formulations. The most innovative methods to organize
strategies are entrenched in justification from previous studies.
When the body of research is missing, organization leaders
would be compelled to create and implement strategies based on
a trial-and-error approach. In preventing unethical acts by
leaders in companies, the organization cannot successfully
avoidavoid unethical issues in practice. This occurs when
factors promoting or enticing its leaders to be engaged in
unethical practices are unknown. Mainly, corruptCorrupt
leadership is caused by a near-total control for project managers
who capitalize on the lack of process, accountability, and
penalties for behavior in an organization. Furthermore, there are
chances that leaders fail todo not uphold employee expectations
which amount to psychological contract violation.
Using statistical methods, procedures, or models to generate
distorted or false results through fabrication is mainly
causedcaused by undue pressures to publish information.
Kingori and Gerrets (2016) state that data fabrication,
inappropriate collection approaches, and poor data management
are disadvantageous to high-quality scientific research. Data
fabrication revolves around inventing data,. Often, or case
scenarios are often described as scientific misconduct with a
common trademark feature that manipulates research outputs. It
encompasses data falsification and plagiarism measures.
Falsification of data includes distortion of data or findings to
yield desirable outcomes, contrary to get the actual result. On
the other hand, plagiarism involves failure to acknowledge
sources of copied words, philosophies, or data. Resnik (2014)
reports that experts have rubrics relating to data production and
forgery, which should be observed and imposed with substantial
punishments like loss of funding, termination of service, among
others.
Failure to disclose vital information regarding statistical
methodology to researchers is a defining ethical issue in
misusing statistics, methods, and data and is caused by distrust
and avoidance of misused statistics. The significant reasons for

7. skepticism of statistics incorporate the possibility of figures
being manipulated using comparative methods by dishonest
persons to convey an incorrect picture of the shreds of evidence.
It also aims to avoid unnecessary confusion to third parties who
do not know much about statistics and methodologies. Comment
by Author: Analytical ethics is concerned with the origin and
meaning of ethical principles. Scholars who study analytical
ethics are researching ethical terms and theories and their
application. They seek answers to the linkages between values,
reasons for action, and motivation through an assessment of
asking how morality guides people to select reasons to make
decisions or not to make decisions. Analytical ethics answers
many questions about “the nature of freedom” and its
significance for moral responsibility. Urban planners that
follow the principles of analytical ethics seek to find the cause
of right and wrong.
PRESCRIPTIVE ETHICAL ISSUES IN MISUSING
STATISTICS, METHODS, AND DATA
Statistics play a significant role in several aspects of
contemporary post-industrial societies. Even though statistics
are occasionally discharged as froth or fuzzy math, doubted as
partial, or unswervingly associated with lying, but remain
inevitably significant. Fixing unethical leadership begins with
the hiring process, which should be made thoroughly since the
primary step in solving any problem prevents it from ever
occurring. The hiring team should believe in the guidance of
God and the Holy Spirit to get the right candidate for the job. In
1 Thessalonians 1:5 (The King James Version, 2020), it says,
“... not only in word but also in power and the Holy Spirit and
with full conviction.” As a result, an organization should ensure
its business does not hire unethical behavior in the workforce as
God entrusts His servants, according to Isaiah (42:1).
The solution requires an effort to check if the existing hiring
system is satisfactory concerning ethics. Even though
qualifications and experience are unquestionably central, human
resource management should also consider the candidates'

8. values. The organization needs people with values and strong
morals to run the business processes, necessitating suitable
screening in background checks before recruiting new staff.
Where necessary, the recruiting organization needs to contact
the candidate’s former employers as they will be a dependable
source to know more about the prospective candidate’s
character and work ethics in detail.
Using statistical methods, procedures, or models to generate
distorted or false results through fabrication can be
counteracted by reducing the undue pressures to publish
information. Researchers and statisticians, through ethical
planning, should consider initiating their plans early enough.
Piccolo (2016) states that ethics is treated as a value that
everybody must observe irrespective of their job or field of
studies, making a reasonable person act ethically and
apparently. This turns out to be much more significant when
dealing with urban planning as a subject strictly connected with
the public interest (Piccolo, 2016). Furthermore, it should begin
with drafting a timeline of events and necessary tools to
accomplish the objectives since this approach makes them
organized and strategic.
Failure to disclose vital information regarding statistical
methodology to researchers can be resolved through fostering
cooperation and doing things right according to the code of
ethical research. Gillam and Guillemin (2018) claim that
relationships between investigators and research ethics
committees have been uptight for a long time. Current empirical
research indicates a continuous sense of mistrust between some
investigators and the committee members. Although researchers
generally see consider the ethics review process as necessary in
principle, they also know the process as antagonistic and
generate unnecessary bureaucratic obstacles. Investigators from
various disciplines and methods, both quantitative and
qualitative, are irritated, misconstrued, and distrusted by the
committee. Comment by Author: Prescriptive ethics is a form of
normative ethics used by urban planners to learn about moral

9. standards that must be followed to yield behaviors that will be
morally correct. Urban planners are prescriptive in their ethics
because they want to develop standards or norms for their
conduct and to investigate how planners should act. Prescriptive
ethics includes a critical analysis of primary moral principles
including what is good, correct, and genuine. An important
prescriptive ethics question that urban planners address
concerns whether planners’ actions are judged morally correct
only on their outcomes.
CONCLUSION
Lastly, this paper has discussed a case study based on the article
by Wachs entitled - When Planners Lie with Numbers as a basis
of the work. Findings revealed that Wachs’ article outlines
ceremoniously accepted rules touching how staff can show
disagreement from elected officials or development commission
and public interest determination. Moral principles used for data
and examination in line with the Code of Ethics and
Professional Conduct of the American Institute of Certified
Planners concur with the discussion and analysis of ethics in
data use. It further explored unethical leadership, using
arithmetical systems, procedures, or simulations in ways that
generate slanted or false consequences and fading to divulge
vital info regarding the statistical approach to scholars as
descriptive ethical issues. Analytical and prescriptive ethical
issues were discussed and explained causes and remedies to the
cases under review. Therefore, instituting an ethical culture in a
workplace environment and addressing the matters discussed in
this paper can lead to good urban planning. Consequently, it
will resolve immediate needs while determined to accomplish a
city's sole vision of the future in urban planning ventures.
References
Gardenier, J. S., & Resnik, D. B. (2002). The misuse of
statistics: concepts, tools, and a research agenda. Accountability

10. in Research, 9(2), 65-74.
https://doi:DOI:10.1080/08989620212968
Gillam, L., & Guillemin, M. (2018). Reflexivity: overcoming
mistrust between research ethics committees and researchers. In
The sage Sage handbook of qualitative research ethics (pp. 263-
274). SAGE Publications Ltd, .
https://www.doi.org/10.4135/9781526435446
King James Bible. (2020). King James Bible Online.
https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org
Kingori, P., & Gerrets, R. (2016). Morals, morale, and
motivations in data fabrication: Medical research fieldworkers
views and practices in two Sub-Saharan African contexts. Social
Science & Medicine, 166(2016), 150-159.
https://doiDOI.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.08.019
Lauria, M., & Long, M. F. (2019). Ethical dilemmas in
professional planning practice in the United States. Journal of
the American Planning Association, 85(4), 393-404.
https://doi:DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1627238
Linstead, S., Maréchal, G., & Griffin (2014). Theorizing and
researching the dark side of an organization. Organization
Studies, 35(2), 168-188. https://doi:DOI:
10.1177/0170840613515402
Piccolo, F. (2016). Ethics and planning research. Routledge.
Resnik, D. B. (2014). Data fabrication and falsification and
empiricist philosophy of science. Science And Engineering
Ethics, 20(2), 423–431. DOIhttps://doi:..org/10.1007/s11948-
013-9466-z
Schweitzer, L. A., & Afzalan, N. (2017). 09 F9 11 02 9D 74 E3
5B D8 41 56 C5 63 56 88 C0: Four reasons AICP needs an open
data ethic. Journal of the American Planning Association, 83(2),
161-167. https://doi:DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1290495
Wachs, M. (1989). When planners lie with numbers. Journal of
the American Planning Association, 55(4), 476-479. URL?
WHEN PLANNERS
LIE WITH NUMBERS.pdf

11. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further
reproduction prohibited without permission.
Wachs, Martin. (1989). When planners lie with numbers.
Journal of the American Planning
Association, 55(4), 476-479.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235360557_When_Pla
nners_Lie_with_Numbers
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1
4
Title

15. Student Name
College of Education, Grand Canyon University
SEC-502: Foundations in Secondary Education for Graduate
Students
Instructor’s Name
Assignment Due Date
Title of Your Paper
This first paragraph is your introduction (Approximately 150
words). Begin with a strong grabber/intro statement go get the
reader’s attention. End it with a killer purpose statement. The
Purpose Statement is like a thesis statement only slightly
different. The main ideas of the overall essay must be here in
your Introduction. From those, the Purpose Statement provides
the purpose, scope, and direction of the paper.
Educational Reform #1
Begin this paragraph with a strong topic sentence. Paragraphs
are 4 to 6 sentences in length. Discuss the change or reform,
including how it would benefit secondary education. Support
your ideas with scholarly research. (Approx. 150-200 words)
Educational Reform #2
Begin this paragraph with a strong topic sentence. Paragraphs
are 4 to 6 sentences in length. Discuss the change or reform,
including how it would benefit secondary education. Support
your ideas with scholarly research. (Approx. 150-200 words)
Additional Reform
Begin this paragraph with a strong topic sentence. Paragraphs
are 4 to 6 sentences in length. Discuss the positive and negative
aspects of the changes or reform. Support your ideas with
scholarly research. (Approx. 150-200 words)
Implementation Strategies
Begin this paragraph with a strong topic sentence. Paragraphs
are 4 to 6 sentences in length. Discuss how you might
implement the reform still needed in education within your
community. Support your ideas with scholarly research.
(Approx. 150-200 words)

16. Conclusion
Many people simply slop through their conclusions and do not
put much effort into it. This paragraph is just as important as
any other paragraph in this essay. Make it strong and end with a
solid summary of the ideas you have shared. This is NOT the
place to begin new topics – if you have not talked about it in the
essay, do not include it here. (Approx.150 words).
References
Here you will include your references page. Watch the video for
more information on APA citations and references, check out
this additional video. Three to five scholarly sources are
required for this essay.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HpAOi8-WUY4
Rubic_Print_FormatCourse CodeClass CodeAssignment
TitleTotal PointsSEC-502SEC-502-O500Educational Reform
Essay100.0CriteriaPercentageNo Submission
(0.00%)Insufficient (69.00%)Approaching (74.00%)Acceptable
(87.00%)Target (100.00%)CommentsPoints
EarnedCriteria100.0%Purpose Statement10.0%Not
addressed.Paper lacks any discernible overall purpose or
organizing claim.Purpose statement is underdeveloped or vague.
Purpose is not clear.Purpose statement is clear and forecasts the
development of the paper. The purpose statement is descriptive,
reflective of the arguments, and appropriate to the
purpose.Purpose statement is comprehensive and contains the
essence of the paper. The statement makes the purpose of the
paper clear.Proposed Change20.0%Not addressed.Includes a
proposed change or reform that is impractical or unrealistic; or
how it would benefit the future of secondary education is
tenuously expressed.Includes a surface level proposed change or

17. reform; or how it would benefit the future of secondary
education is lacking detail.Includes a proposed change or
reform that would arguably benefit the future of secondary
education.Includes a proposed change or reform that is
practical, realistic, and would arguably benefit the future of
secondary education.Positive and Negative Aspects of Changes
or Reforms30.0%Not addressed.Includes an incomplete
discussion regarding the positive and negative aspects of the
selected changes or reforms.Includes an ambiguous discussion
regarding the positive or negative aspects of the selected
changes or reforms.Discusses both positive and negative aspects
of the selected changes or reforms.Insightfully discusses both
positive and negative aspects of the selected changes or
reforms.How Proposed Change Could be Implemented15.0%Not
addressed.Includes an explanation regarding how the proposed
change or reform could be implemented that is unrealistic or
incomplete.Includes an explanation regarding how the proposed
change or reform could be implemented is artificial.Includes an
explanation regarding how the proposed change or reform could
be correctly implemented.Includes a thorough explanation
regarding how the proposed change or reform could realistically
be implemented.Argument Logic and Construction10 .0%Not
addressed.Statement of purpose is not justified by the
conclusion. The conclusion does not support the claim made.
Argument is incoherent.Sufficient justification of claims is
lacking. Argument lacks consistent unity. There are obvious
flaws in the logic.Argument shows logical progressions.
Techniques of argumentation are evident. There is a smooth
progression of claims from introduction to conclusion.Clear and
convincing argument that presents a persuasive claim in a
distinctive and compelling manner.Mechanics of Writing
(includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language
use)5.0%Not addressed.Surface errors are pervasive enough that
they impede communication of meaning. Inappropriate word
choice or sentence construction is used.Frequent and repetiti ve
mechanical errors distract the reader. Inconsistencies in

18. language choice (register) or word choice are present. Sentence
structure is correct but not varied.Submission includes some
mechanical errors, but they do not hinder comprehension.
Varieties of effective sentence structures are used, as well as
some practice and content-related language.Submission is
virtually free of mechanical errors. Word choice reflects well -
developed use of practice and content-related language.
Sentence structures are varied and engaging.Paper Format (use
of appropriate style for the major and assignment)5.0%Not
addressed.Template is not used appropriate or documentation
format is rarely followed correctly.Appropriate template is
used, but some elements are missing or mistaken. A lack of
control with formatting is apparent.Appropriate template is
fully used. There are virtually no errors in formatting style.All
format elements are correct.Documentation of Sources
(citations, footnotes, references, bibliography, etc., as
appropriate to assignment and style)5.0%Not
addressed.Documentation of sources is inconsistent or incorrect,
as appropriate to assignment and style, with numerous
formatting errors.Sources are documented, as appropriate to
assignment and style, although several minor formatting errors
are present.Sources are documented, as appropriate to
assignment and style, and format is mostly correct.Sources are
documented completely and correctly, as appropriate to
assignment and style, and format is free of error.Total
Weightage100%
ETHICS IN URBAN PLANNING 10
Case Study 3: Ethics in Urban Planning

19. Helms School of Government, Liberty University
PADM 708 B01
Submitted: June 13, 2021
Author Note
I have no conflict of interest to disclose.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to
Email:
INTRODUCTIONComment by Author: Need an analysis of what
is in the Wachs’ article.
The social fabric of city public spaces is a considerably
subtlesubtle and complex issue. Ideally, it needs to offer peopl e
physical security and necessary privacy as required to grow
smart. The objective of ethics in urban planning is to promote
good urban governance, transparency, and accountability in
practice. Fundamentally, it helps eradicate sleaze dealings,
conflicts of personal interests, and the misuse of power to
uphold public trust and justice in local government
accomplishment. Mostly, disputes between private and
professional ethical frameworks create cognitive and emotional
dissention to varying levels of seriousness affecting urban
planning undesirably (Lauria & Long, 2019). Frequently,
Planning planning issues frequently comprise a conflict of
values. Habitually, there are substantial private interests in the
balance. These issues emphasize the significance of the
maximum standards of justice and honesty amongst all
contributors. In this paper, a case study is discussed concerning
an article by Wachs (1989) - When Planners Lie with Numbers,

20. as a basis for the case study work. Comment by Author:
Wachs’ article explores possible lawfully espoused strategies
upsetting how employees can show discord from designated
executives or forecasting commission and determination of
public interest. Ideally, it discusses moral standards used for
data and scrutiny based on the Code of Ethics and Proficient
Conduct of the American Institute of Certified Planners.
Furthermore, the author highlights a tale of two cities in
planning leadership context to show how developers have
retorted in various ways to the decent predicaments ascending
in public plan decision-making (Wachs, 1989, p. 479). Besides,
the paper encompasses dialogue and analysis of ethics in data
use in keeping with the American Institute of Certified
Planners. Additionally, it discusses and analyzes descriptive
ethical matters tangled in exploiting statistics, statistical
methods, and data. Primarily, the article discusses and analyses
the analytical, moral disputes convoluted in misusing statistics,
statistical methods, and data, including why ethical issues
occur. Furthermore, ethical prescriptive problems will explore
recommendations of what can be done accomplished to correct
the issues with all the aspects of the discussions and analyses
incorporating relevant Biblical viewpoints concerning planning
based on scriptures. ETHICS IN DATA USE
Data ethics move around moral problems associated with data
from its generation to use. The current American Institute of
Certified Planners (AICP) Code of Ethics holds two applicable
references regarding evidence controlling that describes ethics
in data use (Schweitzer & Afzalan, 2017). For instance, the
segment concerns the profession’s responsibilities to the civic,
stating that it protects against deliberate or irresponsible
indifference failure to give adequate, reasonable, cl ear, and
accurate information about planning matters. Secondly,
information management is related to long-lasting criticisms
against revealing personal information and ideologies widely
across all careers. This can range from wellbeing to
improvement, which can use material regarding persons and

21. organizations.
The code Code protects against personal advantage ensuring
customer or company data acquired in a certified association
that the customer or boss has demanded detained unaltered.
According to Schweitzer and Afzalan (2017), the code protects
against information that should be recognized as confidential
since its disclosure could lead to humiliation or other
disadvantages to the customer or company. 1 Corinthians 6:9-10
(The King James Version, 2020) argues that all evildoers shall
inherit the kingdom of God as the bible discourages acting
against ethical standards of the human being. This accentuates
the need for honesty in a biblical perspective for Christians with
good ethics.Comment by Author: The course is urban planning
in state and local government rather than business
AICP Code of Ethics holds that reliable statistics should not be
revealed except when obligatory by the law procedure or in case
the information is required to avert a blatant violation of the
law. This makes it clear that the court of law has the power over
the ethics practices only. Additionally, the code specifies an
exception when the information is mandatory to dodge a
considerable grievance to the community. Besides, exposé,
according to the above articles, shall not be made until after
verification of the facts and matters surrounding a case and
utilizedused efforts to reevaluate the matter in feasible
scenarios. Furthermore, the code requires seeking separate
views on the matter from other qualified experts working for the
organization in question. DESCRIPTIVE ETHICAL ISSUES IN
MISUSING STATISTICS, METHODS & DATA
There are numerous possible waysways in which unethical
issues or conduct can occur in misusing statistics, methods, and
data. One of the ethical issues is corrupt leadership. For
instance, breeding a personal problem with one’s superior at the
workplace is different from reporting to someone acting
unethically to the top management. Biblically, we should seek
spiritual counseling and guidance to avoid unnecessary damages
to both physical and spiritual life. Proverbs 15:22 (The King

22. James Version, 2020) says, “Without counsel, purposes are
disappointed: but in the multitude of counselorscounselors, they
are established."
In most cases, a lack of ethical practices may present in a clear
form like manipulating numerical values in a report or spending
corporate funds on unsuitable activities. However, it can also
occur more skillfully in the manner of bullying, enduring
inappropriate gifts from customers, or asking for a favor that
violates a standard procedure merely once. With research
findings showing that managers are accountable for mainstream
workplace misbehavior, the misuse of leadership authority is an
unfortunate reality (Linstead, Maréchal & Griffin, 2014;
Forester, 2004).
Using statistical methods, procedures, or models to generate
distorted or false results through fabrication can result in
descriptive misuse of statistics, processes, and data in planning.
Gardenier and Resnik (2002) state that the federal government
and the scientific community have changed to a thin explanation
of misconduct that centers on fabrication, falsification, and
plagiarism (p. 257). However, the new federal policy stipulates
that the misuse of statistics can be categorized as an indication
of misconduct when it comprisesincludes deliberate deception.
Mainly, fabricationFabrication occurs when planners
incorporate falsifying data, information, or results. Besides,
falsification if the missuses encompass manipulation, alteration,
or ignoring data or products within the planners' descriptive
statistics. Mismanagements of figures data that does not contain
connote deliberate dishonesty could be regarded as an authentic
blunder, ineptitude, partiality, or grave eccentricities from
adequate exercise. Nonetheless, an individual who makes many
errors through haste, ignorance, or disorder may be described as
a neglectful person or deficient of the desirable level of
competence, statistical or something else.
Failing to discloseNot disclosing vital information regarding
statistical methodology to researchers is a defining ethical issue
in misusing statistics, methods, and data (Gardenier & Resnik,

23. 2002). Misuses of statistics can at some point violate several
moral obligations and sometimes not. An example is the
obligation to be candid, the responsibility to be impartial, the
burden of evading fault, and the commitment to be uncluttered
in statistical planning activities. In addition, disclosing vital
information on statistical methods can promote transaction
transparency. If an individual's data is used, they need to be
granted transparent access to the algorithm design applied in the
generation of aggregate data sets. Comment by Author:
Descriptive ethics, also known as comparative ethics, is the
study of what people believe to be right and wrong and why
they believe it. Descriptive ethics describes how people act
according to their moral standards. This is different from
prescriptive ethics that concerns how people should act.
Planners who study descriptive ethics are concerned with human
behavior because of beliefs about what is right or wrong, or
good or bad, based on whether that behavior is effective. These
planners are concerned with ethics of a group, society, or a
culture and what is performed by them. Different groups,
peoples, and cultures have different morals and ethics.
ANALYTICAL ETHICAL ISSUES IN MISUSING
STATISTICS, METHODS, AND DATA
Unethical leadership occurs because of inadequate or lack of
previous research. This can pose a challenge to the organization
as the company's bank on evidence as a basis for strategy and
policy formulations. The most innovative methods to organize
strategies are entrenched in justification from previous studies.
When the body of research is missing, organization leaders
would be compelled to create and implement strategies based on
a trial-and-error approach. In preventing unethical acts by
leaders in companies, the organization cannot successfully
avoidavoid unethical issues in practice. This occurs when
factors promoting or enticing its leaders to be engaged in
unethical practices are unknown. Mainly, corruptCorrupt
leadership is caused by a near-total control for project managers
who capitalize on the lack of process, accountability, and

24. penalties for behavior in an organization. Furthermore, there are
chances that leaders fail todo not uphold employee expectations
which amount to psychological contract violation.
Using statistical methods, procedures, or models to generate
distorted or false results through fabrication is mainly
causedcaused by undue pressures to publish information.
Kingori and Gerrets (2016) state that data fabrication,
inappropriate collection approaches, and poor data management
are disadvantageous to high-quality scientific research. Data
fabrication revolves around inventing data,. Often, or case
scenarios are often described as scientific misconduct with a
common trademark feature that manipulates research outputs. It
encompasses data falsification and plagiarism measures.
Falsification of data includes distortion of data or findings to
yield desirable outcomes, contrary to get the actual result. On
the other hand, plagiarism involves failure to acknowledge
sources of copied words, philosophies, or data. Resnik (2014)
reports that experts have rubrics relating to data production and
forgery, which should be observed and imposed with substantial
punishments like loss of funding, termination of service, among
others.
Failure to disclose vital information regarding statistical
methodology to researchers is a defining ethical issue in
misusing statistics, methods, and data and is caused by distrust
and avoidance of misused statistics. The significant reasons for
skepticism of statistics incorporate the possibility of figures
being manipulated using comparative methods by dishonest
persons to convey an incorrect picture of the shreds of evidence.
It also aims to avoid unnecessary confusion to third parties who
do not know much about statistics and methodologies. Comment
by Author: Analytical ethics is concerned with the origin and
meaning of ethical principles. Scholars who study analytical
ethics are researching ethical terms and theories and their
application. They seek answers to the linkages between values,
reasons for action, and motivation through an assessment of
asking how morality guides people to select reasons to make

25. decisions or not to make decisions. Analytical ethics answers
many questions about “the nature of freedom” and its
significance for moral responsibility. Urban planners that
follow the principles of analytical ethics seek to find the cause
of right and wrong.
PRESCRIPTIVE ETHICAL ISSUES IN MISUSING
STATISTICS, METHODS, AND DATA
Statistics play a significant role in several aspects of
contemporary post-industrial societies. Even though statistics
are occasionally discharged as froth or fuzzy math, doubted as
partial, or unswervingly associated with lying, but remain
inevitably significant. Fixing unethical leadership begins with
the hiring process, which should be made thoroughly since the
primary step in solving any problem prevents it from ever
occurring. The hiring team should believe in the guidance of
God and the Holy Spirit to get the right candidate for the job. In
1 Thessalonians 1:5 (The King James Version, 2020), it says,
“... not only in word but also in power and the Holy Spirit and
with full conviction.” As a result, an organization should ensure
its business does not hire unethical behavior in the workforce as
God entrusts His servants, according to Isaiah (42:1).
The solution requires an effort to check if the existing hiring
system is satisfactory concerning ethics. Even though
qualifications and experience are unquestionably central, human
resource management should also consider the candidates'
values. The organization needs people with values and strong
morals to run the business processes, necessitating suitable
screening in background checks before recruiting new staff.
Where necessary, the recruiting organization needs to contact
the candidate’s former employers as they will be a dependable
source to know more about the prospective candidate’s
character and work ethics in detail.
Using statistical methods, procedures, or models to generate
distorted or false results through fabrication can be
counteracted by reducing the undue pressures to publish
information. Researchers and statisticians, through ethical

26. planning, should consider initiating their plans early enough.
Piccolo (2016) states that ethics is treated as a value that
everybody must observe irrespective of their job or field of
studies, making a reasonable person act ethically and
apparently. This turns out to be much more significant when
dealing with urban planning as a subject strictly connected with
the public interest (Piccolo, 2016). Furthermore, it should begin
with drafting a timeline of events and necessary tools to
accomplish the objectives since this approach makes them
organized and strategic.
Failure to disclose vital information regarding statistical
methodology to researchers can be resolved through fostering
cooperation and doing things right according to the code of
ethical research. Gillam and Guillemin (2018) claim that
relationships between investigators and research ethics
committees have been uptight for a long time. Current empirical
research indicates a continuous sense of mistrust between some
investigators and the committee members. Although researchers
generally see consider the ethics review process as necessary in
principle, they also know the process as antagonistic and
generate unnecessary bureaucratic obstacles. Investigators from
various disciplines and methods, both quantitative and
qualitative, are irritated, misconstrued, and distrusted by the
committee. Comment by Author: Prescriptive ethics is a form of
normative ethics used by urban planners to learn about moral
standards that must be followed to yield behaviors that will be
morally correct. Urban planners are prescriptive in their ethics
because they want to develop standards or norms for their
conduct and to investigate how planners should act. Prescriptive
ethics includes a critical analysis of primary moral principles
including what is good, correct, and genuine. An important
prescriptive ethics question that urban planners address
concerns whether planners’ actions are judged morally correct
only on their outcomes.

27. CONCLUSION
Lastly, this paper has discussed a case study based on the article
by Wachs entitled - When Planners Lie with Numbers as a basis
of the work. Findings revealed that Wachs’ article outlines
ceremoniously accepted rules touching how staff can show
disagreement from elected officials or development commission
and public interest determination. Moral principles used for data
and examination in line with the Code of Ethics and
Professional Conduct of the American Institute of Certified
Planners concur with the discussion and analysis of ethics in
data use. It further explored unethical leadership, using
arithmetical systems, procedures, or simulations in ways that
generate slanted or false consequences and fading to divulge
vital info regarding the statistical approach to scholars as
descriptive ethical issues. Analytical and prescriptive ethical
issues were discussed and explained causes and remedies to the
cases under review. Therefore, instituting an ethical culture in a
workplace environment and addressing the matters discussed in
this paper can lead to good urban planning. Consequently, it
will resolve immediate needs while determined to accomplish a
city's sole vision of the future in urban planning ventures.
References
Gardenier, J. S., & Resnik, D. B. (2002). The misuse of
statistics: concepts, tools, and a research agenda. Accountability
in Research, 9(2), 65-74.
https://doi:DOI:10.1080/08989620212968
Gillam, L., & Guillemin, M. (2018). Reflexivity: overcoming
mistrust between research ethics committees and researchers. In
The sage Sage handbook of qualitative research ethics (pp. 263-
274). SAGE Publications Ltd, .
https://www.doi.org/10.4135/9781526435446
King James Bible. (2020). King James Bible Online.
https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org
Kingori, P., & Gerrets, R. (2016). Morals, morale, and
motivations in data fabrication: Medical research fieldworkers

28. views and practices in two Sub-Saharan African contexts. Social
Science & Medicine, 166(2016), 150-159.
https://doiDOI.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.08.019
Lauria, M., & Long, M. F. (2019). Ethical dilemmas in
professional planning practice in the United States. Journal of
the American Planning Association, 85(4), 393-404.
https://doi:DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1627238
Linstead, S., Maréchal, G., & Griffin (2014). Theorizing and
researching the dark side of an organization. Organization
Studies, 35(2), 168-188. https://doi:DOI:
10.1177/0170840613515402
Piccolo, F. (2016). Ethics and planning research. Routledge.
Resnik, D. B. (2014). Data fabrication and falsification and
empiricist philosophy of science. Science And Engineering
Ethics, 20(2), 423–431. DOIhttps://doi:..org/10.1007/s11948-
013-9466-z
Schweitzer, L. A., & Afzalan, N. (2017). 09 F9 11 02 9D 74 E3
5B D8 41 56 C5 63 56 88 C0: Four reasons AICP needs an open
data ethic. Journal of the American Planning Association, 83(2),
161-167. https://doi:DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.129049 5
Wachs, M. (1989). When planners lie with numbers. Journal of
the American Planning Association, 55(4), 476-479. URL?
WHEN PLANNERS
LIE WITH NUMBERS.pdf
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further
reproduction prohibited without permission.
Wachs, Martin. (1989). When planners lie with numbers.
Journal of the American Planning
Association, 55(4), 476-479.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235360557_When_Pla
nners_Lie_with_Numbers

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THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF URBAN PLANNING IN
AMERICA1
American Urban Planning10
Case Study 1: The Historical Context of Urban Planning in
America
Briana M. Turner
Helms School of Government, Liberty University
Dr. McGinnis
PADM 708-B01
DATE SUBMITTED

33. CASE STUDY 1
American Urban Planning
American urban planning focuses on designing and regulating
space that analyzes the physical form, economic factors, and
social factors regarding the urban environment. Although urban
planning usually revolves upon engineering and architecture, it
also playsrepresents a crucial part in social and political issues
that bring a consensus to the community. Through the American
Urban Planning Association, the American government is
responsible for using the different forms of urban planning to
help solve the issues that affect the community. For instance,
this paper discusses how the other planners dealing with radical
and advocacy planning perform their responsibility concerning
urban planning in America.Comment by Dr. McGinnis: Not
familiar with that organization
I am a member of American Planning Association.
There is The Urban Institute. Is that what you mean?
Advocacy Planning Theory
Paul Davidoff introduced advocacy planning theory due to the
following groups: political parties, special groups such as the
team against the caste system, and Adad-hoc society. According
to Davidoff, each group consists of its own needs, represented
through plural plan preparation. And through this, public
participation is achieved; therefore, the public feels
incorporated in the day-day activities. Advocacy planning does
not consider value-neutrality; instead, it is guided by the
people's ideologies. The theory ensures that public interests are
not defined but rather areare constructed through political
processes. Meaning, beforePrior to any planning decision is
prepared, there must be a representation of all the groups
involved, possibly throughthrough plural plans.
The planners have the task of being advocates responsible for
helping the people prepare plans, and there must match that of
the people. Planners are given a chance to endorse the methods

34. they believe can work and benefit all the parties
involved(involved (Friedmann, 2020). According to advocacy
planning, the planners are responsible for helping the clients
articulate their thoughts so they will understand. The planners
can defend their plans by noting down the strengths and
weaknesses of their groups. Doing this will help the groups gain
approval from political support, which will be helpful in
financing and implementing the procedures. The planners are
responsible for making the clients aware of the institution
involved in the planning process. Advocacy planning ensures
that the clients and the different groups are revealed w hy
specific suggestions were approved and why they left them.
Weakness of Advocacy Theory
Slow moves face advocacy theory during its implementation
because it requires collaboration with the different groups. The
slow motions make the theory fail in fitting in reality. This is
because the planners must ensure that they conduct campaigns
to reach a consensus with all the groups involved. To
accomplish this, time will be spent trying to convince the public
to come to terms with their plans. This exercise will result in
slowness in the progress of the activities plans delaying all the
activities.
A restrictive challenge faces the theory because while planning,
the different groups are involved, and hence all of them consist
of different opinions. The groups may contain distinct tactics
which may not rhyme with the other groups, and so are their
ideas. These tactics and views may lead to a particular
following while the other group disagrees. This led the planners
to be restricted from following since all the group's tactics are
authentic.
Also, the theory is faced with the challenge of in-fighting
among the parties involved in search of individual satisfaction
(Isaksson & Hagbert, 2020). The fights may continue and lead
to disagreements which will tear apart the group. If the group is
not torn apart, it will result in the members acting according to
their political interests rather than serving for the good of

35. society.
The theory also does not address the issue with the human
dimension, which is concerned with paying attention to personal
and spiritual concepts and their impact on the community
(Couch, 2016). It has weak strategies of supporting social -
developmental programs within the community and does not
focus on enhancing the dignity and self-help of individuals.
The theory also does not address the substantive idea
responsible for enhancing and promoting the social process,
which results in a change in society. It focuses on making an
informed judgment, which might give the wrong conclusion
regarding a particular plan that might disadvantage the
community.
Problems of Advocacy Planning
Advocacy planning faces a cross-cultural communication
problem that poses a challenge to the planners, resulting in a
lack of trust and confidence in the clients. Different planners
noted different difficulties according to studies, especially in
places where people living in poor and overcrowded conditions
inconvenienced interaction with people (Cullingworth et al.,
2014). They experienced problems establishing communication
with different groups since there was a significant disparity that
slowed down their work. Some planners adopt various strategies
to bridge the communication gap by hiring planners from each
community involved to establish and connect with the
community.
Advocacy also faces a problem associated with power because
the planners are encountered with difficulties developing the
ability to help them make a difference in society. The planners
should create and gain strength from the local community to
help them deliver their agendas. However, this becomes a
problem because developing such power and gaining trust is
difficult, leading to delays. The planners also encountered a
problem from the national level in trying to source resources
such as finances since the government may fail to be
cooperative.

36. Solution
s to Advocacy Planning Theory
Advocacy planners should develop strategies that will help them
bridge the gap that comes with intercultural differences. For
instance, planners should ensure that they source for conversant
people with diverse cultural practices, which will help them
accomplish their projects. It is also essential for advocacy
planners to ensure that they have advanced skills to help them
in their profession. By doing this, the planners will be able to
get the attention of different institutions that require people
with skills to help address the client's plans.
Radical Planning THEORY
Radical planning theory is usually found in totalitarian
communities where the public lacks the means to air their
voices and concerns. According to the planners of this theory,
they advocate that the radical movement should be adopted as a
critical concern for helping in the community's transformation.
The idea has the responsibility of providing an understanding
regarding how society learns to participate in radical planning.

37. The planners are tasked with ensuring that society's
emancipation from oppression and discrimination is received
due to market changes. The theory expects little intervention
from the government while expecting maximum involvement
from society.
The radical planning theory is constructed of two factors that
enable people to understand how the marginalized in the society
shift from conventional programs to community-based programs
necessary for helping people identify their worth: the activism
factor guided by ideas from society(society (Reece, 2018). This
factor ensures that the planners focus on the necessity of
personal growth to the community, cooperation, and freedom
that must be achieved without interfering and manipulating the
public. The factor ensures changes will happen in the future and
are expected to occur at the local level due to the planner's
agreement with short and medium plans at the local level in the
community.
The second factor deals with the social processes, such as the
economic relationship of the public. Unlike the activism factor
that focuses on short-term and local levels, the social methods
focus on long-term strategies, and its results focus on national
levels. The radical planners are responsible for ensuring the
community's collective action by acting as mediators and
activists. The radical theory requires the planners to have good
communicationeffective communication skills and be

38. knowledgeable in leadership skills.
Weakness of Advocacy theory
Slow moves face advocacy theory during its implementation
because it requires collaboration with the different groups. The
slow motions make the theory fail in fitting in reality. This is
because the planners must ensure that they conduct campaigns
to reach a consensus with all the groups involved. To
accomplish this, time will be spent trying to convince the public
to come to terms with their plans. This exercise will result in
slowness in the progress of the activities plans delaying all the
activities.
A restrictive challenge faces the theory because while planning,
the different groups are involved, and hence all of them consist
of different opinions. The groups may contain distinct tactics
which may not rhyme with the other groups, and so are their
ideas. These tactics and views may lead to a particular
following while the other group disagrees. This led the planners
to be restricted from following since all the group's tactics are
authentic.
The theory is also faced with the challenge of in-fighting among
the parties involved in search of individual
satisfaction(Isaksson & Hagbert, 2020). The fights may
continue and lead to disagreements which will tear apart the
group. If the group is not torn apart, it will result in the
members acting according to their political interests rather than

39. serving for the good of society.
The theory also fails to address the issue with the human
dimension, which is concerned with paying attention to personal
and spiritual concepts and their impact on the
community(Couch, 2016). It has weak strategies of supporting
social-developmental programs within the community and fails
to focus on enhancing the dignity and self-help of individuals.
The theory also fails to address the substantive idea respons ible
for enhancing and promoting the social process, which results in
a change in society. It focuses on making an informed judgment,
which might give the wrong conclusion regarding a particular
plan that might disadvantage the community.
Weakness of radical Radical theoryTheory
The radical theory has a weakness in feasibility, making it fail
todo not fit in reality, mainlyfit, mainly when translating
complex issues into simple ones. Extreme planners tend to
address the problem by searching for long-run results rather
than short-term results. It argues that if the effectiveness is not
feasible and visible, society is not educated in trying to
recognize the system's contradictions. The theory fails todoes
not address decisive transformation, which involves educating
the community about the importance of a plan.
Radical change is also confronted by the weakness of lack of
public interest. It fails todoes not address the issue of conflicts
that mainly occursoccurs between it and the advocacy theory. It

40. also fails todoes not address distributive justice that is an
essential factor in society(society (Houston et al., 2018). The
radical approach fails todoes not address the question of; if
disputes arise between groups connected with planning whether
the result should be underplayed in favor of surveying for an
agreement. Instead of answering this question, the theory
focuses on promoting the group's interests, creating several
conflicts within the planners.
Problems of Advocacy planning
Advocacy planning faces a cross-cultural communication
problem that poses a challenge to the planners, resulting in a
lack of trust and confidence in the clients. Different planners
noted different difficulties according to studies, especially in
places where people living in poor and overcrowded conditions
inconvenienced interaction with people(Cullingworth et al.,
2014). They experienced problems establishing communication
with different groups since there was a significant disparity that
slowed down their work. Some planners adopt various strategies
to bridge the communication gap by hiring planners from each
community involved to establish and connect with the
community.
Advocacy also faces a problem associated with power because
the planners are encountered with difficulties developing the
ability to help them make a difference in society. The planners

41. should create and gain strength from the local community to
help them deliver their agendas. However, this becomes a
problem because developing such power and gaining trust is
difficult, leading to delays. The planners also encountered a
problem from the national level in trying to source resources
such as finances since the government may fail to be
cooperative.
Problems of radical Radical planningPlanning
Radical planning is faced with a lack of provision of solid and
coherent planning strategies by the national planning body. It
possesseshas a problem since the body fails todoes not develop
stable policies that address society's issues. It also fails
toRadical planning omits the development of develop future
policies that will address radical planning, whichthat will help
assist the community(community (Grooms & Frimpong Boamah,
2018). For instance, the planning body fails tolacks provide
strong policies on ending social inequality, dividing society into
groups of the haves and the have nots. This lack of coherent
strategies affects radical planners since they lack a stable
ground for working and implementing their plans.
Radical theory is faced by a lack of the necessary tools requir ed
to accomplish its set goals since the planners rely primarily on
the outdated tools that weaken the process of radical planning to
the community. For radical planners to succeed in their
activities, they need to use improved and advanced tools and the

42. bodies involved to ensure that the planners get the necessary
resources they need. By providing such means, the planners will
help society curb social inequalities and assist in economic
growth. But faced with the problem of lack of good tools, the
planners may not accomplish their responsibilities.
Also, rRadical theory is also facedinfluenced by democratic
deficit during planning. As much as the planners want to be
involved with the local communities, it may pose a challenge
since it requires resources and time, which may be difficult.
This is so because the pPlanners must mobilize the society to
help them gain trust and ensure that they support the community
to solves problems.