7. Old Hard Disease
5/11/2020 7
• Knowledge about the
origins of endocarditis
stems from the work of
Fernel in the early
1500s, and yet this
infection still presents
physicians with major
diagnostic and
management
dilemmas.
8. Infective Endocarditis
5/11/2020 8
• Febrile illness
• Persistent bacteremia
• Characteristic lesion of microbial infection of the endothelial surface of the
heart
The vegetation
– Variable in size
– Amorphous mass of fibrin & platelets
– Abundant organisms
– Few inflammatory cells
9. Predisposing Factors
5/11/2020 9
1. Dental manipulation
2. Extra cardiac infection (lung, urinary tract,
skin, bone, abscess)
3. Instrumentation (urinary tract, GI tract, IV
infusions)
4. Cardiac surgery
5. Injection drug use
6. Intravenous catheters
10. Infective Endocarditis
5/11/2020 10
• Acute
– Toxic presentation
– Progressive valve destruction & metastatic infection developing in
days to weeks
– Most commonly caused by S. aureus
• Sub acute
– Mild toxicity
– Presentation over weeks to months
– Rarely leads to metastatic infection
– Most commonly S. viridans or enterococcus
11. Infecting Organisms
5/11/2020 11
Common bacteria
– Alpha haem streptococci (viridans – S. mitis, S. sanguis) SUBACUTE
– Enterococci (E. faecalis) SUBACUTE
– Coagulase Negative Staphylococci – PROSTHETIC VALVES, SUBACUTE
Less common bacteria
– S. aureus ACUTE
– B-Haemolytic streptococci ACUTE
– Streptococcus pneumonia
Not so common
– Fungi
– Pseudomonas / Coliforms
– HACEK group organisms
13. Infecting Organisms
5/11/2020 13
Streptococci 60-80%
– Alpha-haemolytic Streptococci (viridans – S. mitis, S. oralis) 30-40%
(subacute)
– Enterococci (E. faecalis) 5-18% (subacute)
– Beta-haemolytic streptococci (e.g. Gp A Strep) – rare (acute)
Staphylococci 20-35%
– S. aureus 10-27% (acute)
– Coagulase negative staphylococci (Staph epidermidis) 1-3 %
(mainly prosthetic valve risk, subacute)
Fungi
– Candida – IVDU at risk (usually indolent)
– Aspergillus – rare
Gram-negative bacteria – rare
Culture-negative endocarditis HACEK, Q-fever – cases do occur, subacute
14. Infective Endocarditis
5/11/2020 14
• Pathology
– NVE infection is largely confined to leaflets
– PVE infection commonly extends beyond valve ring
into annulus/periannular tissue
• Ring abscesses
• Septal abscesses
• Fistulae
• Prosthetic dehiscence
– Invasive infection more common
in aortic position and if onset is early
15.
16. Turbulent Blood Flow
5/11/2020 16
Rheumatic fever history
Old age – calcified valves
Mitral valve prolapse with regurgitation
Prosthetic heart valves
Congenital defects / any structural defect
Cardiac surgery
Central lines
Pacemakers
Intravenous drug abuse
17. Sub-Acute Vs Acute
5/11/2020 17
Feature Acute Subacute
Underlying Heart Heart may be normal RHD,CHD, etc.
Disease
Organism S. aureus, Pneumococcus
S. pyogenes,
Enterococcus
viridans
Streptococci,
Entercoccus
Therapy Prompt, vigorous and initiated
on empirical ground
Can often be delayed
until culture reports and
susceptibilities
available
18. Bacterial Endocarditis
Clinical Features
5/11/2020 18
1. Fever. Antibiotics, salicylates, steroids, severe CHF, uremia may
mask temperature elevations.
2. Murmurs
3. Petechial and cutaneous manifestations. Roth spots Conjunctival
and mucosal petechiae, splinter hemorrhages, Osler nodes and
Janway lesions.
4. Splenomegaly
5. Embolism. Septic or sterile. CNS, spleen, lung, retinal
vessels, coronary artery, large vessels.
6. Renal disease, infarction. Multiple abscesses.
Glomerulonephritis and uremia
7. CHF
8. General. Weight loss, anorexia, debilitation, loss of libido.
19. Symptoms
5/11/2020 19
Acute
– High grade fever and
chills
– SOB
– Arthralgias/ myalgias
– Abdominal pain
– Pleuritic chest pain
– Back pain
Sub acute
– Low grade fever
– Anorexia
– Weight loss
– Fatigue
– Arthralgia's/ myalgia's
– Abdominal pain
– N/V
The onset of symptoms is usually ~2 weeks or less
from the initiating bacteremia
22. Janeway Lesions
5/11/2020 22
1. More specific
2. Erythematous, blanching macules
3. Nonpainful
4. Located on palms and soles
23. Splinter Hemorrhages
5/11/2020 23
1. Nonspecific
2. Nonblanching
3. Linear reddish-brown lesions found under the nail bed
4. Usually do NOT extend the entire length of the nail
26. Osler’s Nodes
266/21/2013
1. More specific
2. Painful and erythematous nodules
3. Located on pulp of fingers and toes
4. More common on in Sub-Acute 32
28. Blood cultures
5/11/2020 28
• Recommendation: Blood cultures remain a
cornerstone of the diagnosis of IE cases and
should be taken prior to starting treatment in
all case
• Meticulous aseptic technique is required
when taking blood cultures, to reduce the risk
of contamination with skin
commensals, which can lead to misdiagnosis.
Guidelines for best practice should be
consulted
29. When to Collect the blood
5/11/2020 29
• In patients with a chronic or sub acute
presentation, three sets of optimally filled blood
cultures should be taken from peripheral sites with
≥6 h between them prior to commencing
antimicrobial therapy.
• Taking blood cultures at different times is critical to
identifying a constant bacteraemia, a hallmark of
endocarditis.
30. Timing of blood collection
5/11/2020 30
• In patients with suspected IE and severe
sepsis or septic shock at the time of
presentation, two sets of optimally filled
blood cultures should be taken at different
times within 1 h prior to commencement of
empirical therapy, to avoid undue delay in
commencing empirical antimicrobial therapy.
31. Start with Empherical Treatment
5/11/2020 31
• It is not always appropriate to withhold antimicrobial
therapy while three sets of blood cultures are taken
over a 12 h period. This recommendation is
intended to be pragmatic, allowing time to take at
least two sets of blood cultures (the minimum for a
secure microbiological diagnosis) prior to
commencing antimicrobial therapy.
32. Blood Cultures
5/11/2020 32
Blood Cultures
– Minimum of three blood cultures (ideally spread over 24
hrs)
– Three separate venipuncture sites ideally
–Obtain correct volume of blood for culture bottles
Positive Result
– 1 set gives 90% sensitivity, remaining 2 sets add 8%
– Multiple same cultures are important in confirming
significance, especially for less typical organisms
Negative Result
– Prior antibiotic therapy
– ‘Culture negative endocarditis’ – fastidous orgs / non-
culturable
– May support a non-endocarditis patient diagnosis
33. Culture Negative Results may yield
..less known microbes
• Microorganisms that
should be considered
first include Coxiella
burnetii (Q fever) and
Bartonella spp.
5/11/2020 33
35. Imaging
5/11/2020 35
Chest x-ray
– Look for multiple focal infiltrates and calcification of heart valves
ECG
– Rarely diagnostic
– Look for evidence of ischemia, conduction delay, and arrhythmias
Echocardiography
36. Echocardiography
5/11/2020 36
Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE)
– First line if suspected IE
– Native valves
Trans esophageal echocardiography (TEE)
– Prosthetic valves
– Intracardiac complications
– Inadequate TTE
– Fungal or S. aureus or bacteremia
37. Making the Diagnosis
5/11/2020 37
Pelletier and Petersdorf criteria (1977)
– Classification scheme of definite, probable, and possible IE
– Reasonably specific but lacked sensitivity
Von Reyn criteria (1981)
– Added “rejected” as a category
– Added more clinical criteria
– Improved specificity and clinical utility
Duke criteria (1994)
– Included the role of echocardiography in diagnosis
– Added IVDA as a “predisposing heart condition”
38. Modified Duke Criteria
5/11/2020 38
Definite IE
– Microorganism (via culture or histology) in a valvular
vegetation, embolized vegetation, or intracardiac abscess
– Histologic evidence of vegetation or intracardiac abscess
Possible IE
– 2 major
– 1 major and 3 minor
– 5 minor
Rejected IE
– Resolution of illness with four days or less of antibiotics
40. Treatment
5/11/2020 40
Parenteral (IV) antibiotics
– High serum concentrations to penetrate vegetation's
– Prolonged treatment to kill dormant bacteria
clustered in vegetation’s
– Empirical in Acute Condition
Surgery
– Intracardiac complications/paravalve abscess
51
41. Treatment - Specific
5/11/2020 41
• Modify empiric therapy once
cultures/sensitivities known
• Long duration 4-6 weeks Rx is required
• Liaise with Microbiologist
• Liaise with Cardiac Surgeon if needed Monitor response
to treatment
• (clinical, CRP, ECHO) & look for complications
43. Embolic Complications
5/11/2020 43
Occur in up to 40% of patients with IE
Predictors of embolization
–Size of vegetation
–Left-sided vegetation's
–Fungal pathogens, S. aureus, and Strep.
Bovis
Incidence decreases significantly after
initiation of effective antibiotics
44. Embolic Complications
5/11/2020 44
Stroke
Myocardial Infarction
– Fragments of valvular vegetation or vegetation-
induced stenosis of coronary ostia
Ischemic limbs
Hypoxia from pulmonary emboli
Abdominal pain (splenic or renal infarction)