Genetic markers, Classical markers, DNA markers, MICROSATELLITES, AFLP, SNP: Single Nucleotide Polymorphism, QTL: Quantitative Trait Locus, Activities of marker-assisted breeding, Marker-based breeding and conventional breeding Perspectives,The application of molecular technologies to plant breeding is still facing the following drawbacks and/or challenges

1. MOLECULAR MARKER- AIDED
BREEDING
PRESENTED BY
S.R. BHARATHKUMAAR,
I M.Sc BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019-2021 ,
BHARATHIAR UNIVERSITY
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2. INTRODUCTION
• Molecular breeding (MB) may be defined in a broad-sense as
the use of genetic manipulation performed at DNA molecular
levels to improve characters of interest in plants and animals,
including genetic engineering or gene manipulation, molecular
marker-assisted selection, genomic selection etc….
• The process of developing new crop varieties can take almost 25
years. Now, however, considerably shortened the time to 7-10
years for new crop varieties to be brought tor so the market. One
of the tools which easier and faster for scientists to select plant
traits.
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3. WHAT IS GENETIC MARKER?
Genetic markers are the biological features that are determined by
allelic forms of genes or genetic loci and can be transmitted from
one generation to another, and thus they can be used as
experimental probes or tags to keep track of an individual, a tissue,
a cell, a nucleus a chromosome or a gene.
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4. Genetic markers used in genetics and plant breeding can be classified into two
categories:
Classical markers
 Morphological markers
 Cytological markers
 Biochemical markers
DNA markers
Detecting techniques or methods
o Southern blotting – nucleic acid hybridization
o PCR – polymerase chain reaction
o DNA sequencing- RFLP, AFLP, RAPD, SSR, SNP, etc.
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5. TYPES OF MARKERS
• Morphological markers: Phenotypic characters including size,
shape, color, pigmentation and dwarfism
• Cytological markers: Markers that are related to variation in
chromosome number, shape, size and banding pattern
• Biochemical markers: proteins, can be distinguished by
electrophoresis by their sizes and charges
• Molecular markers: very specific for different species, e.g.
AFLP, RFLP< etc…..
• Flanking markers: reduce “ linkage drag” (undesirable DNA
associated with the gene of interest from the non-recurrent
parent)
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6. GENETIC MAP: a map of the relative positions of genetic loci on a
chromosome, determined on the basis of how often the loci are
inherited together.
LINKAGE MAP: A map of relative positions of genes on a
chromosome. Genes inherited together are close to each other on the
chromosome, and said to be linked
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7. RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism. A molecular
marker based on the differential hybridization of cloned DNA to
DNA fragments in a sample of restriction enzyme digested DNAs
; the marker specific to a single clone/ restriction enzyme
combination, and can be detected by southern blot.
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8. Very short DNA
motifs (1-10 base
pairs) which
occur as tandem
repeats at
numerous loci
throughout the
genome. Also
known as simple
sequence repeats
(SSR), simple
tandem repeats or
simple repetitive
sequences.
Monogenic trait a
trait determined
by the action of a
single genetic
locus.
MICROSATELLITES
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9. AFLP: Amplified
Fragment Length
Polymorphism. A highly
sensitive method for
detecting DNA
polymorphism.
Following restriction
enzyme digestion of
DNA fragment is
selected for PCR
amplification and
visualization.
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10. SNP: Single Nucleotide Polymorphism.
A common but minute variation that occurs in DNA
sequence of a genome. These variations can be used to
track inheritance in families or species.
QUANTITATIVE (continuous) traits: Phenotypes that exhibit a
range of measurable outcomes. 10

11. QTL: Quantitative
Trait Locus.
Location of a specific
gene that affects a
measurable or
quantifiable trait. These
traits are typically
affected by more than
one gene, and also by
the environment. Eg of
quantitative traits are
plant height (measured
on a ruler) and body
weight (measured on a
balance)
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12. Activities of marker-assisted breeding
a. Planting the breeding populations with potential segregation for
traits of interest or polymorphism for the markers used.
b. Sampling plant tissues, usually at early stages of growth, e.g.
emergence to young seedling stage.
c. Extracting DNA from tissue sample of each individual or family in
the populations, and preparing DNA samples for PCR and marker
screening.
d. Running PCR or other amplifying operation for the molecular
markers associated with or linked to the trait of interest.
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13. e. Separating and scoring PCR/amplified products, by means of
appropriate separation
and detection techniques, e.g. PAGE, AGE, etc.
f. Identifying individuals/families carrying the desired marker
alleles.
g. Selecting the best individuals/families with both desired marker
alleles for target traits and desirable performance/phenotypes of
other traits, by jointly using marker results and other selection
criteria.
h. Repeating the above activities for several generations, depending
upon the association between the markers and the traits as well as
the status of marker alleles (homozygous or heterozygous), and
advancing the individuals selected in breeding program until stable
superior or elite lines that have improved traits are developed.
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15. Marker-based breeding and conventional breeding Perspectives
• The extensive use of molecular markers in various fields of plant
science, e.g. germplasm evaluation, genetic mapping, map-based
gene discovery, characterization of traits and crop improvement.
• MAB can allow selection for all kinds of traits to be carried out at
seedling stage and thus reduce the time required before the
phenotype of an individual plant is known.
• MAB can be not affected by environment, thus allowing the
selection to be performed under any environmental conditions
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16. • MAB using co-dominance markers (e.g. SSR and SNP) can allow
effective selection of recessive alleles of desired traits in the
heterozygous status.
• For the traits controlled by multiple genes/QTLs, individual
genes/QTLs can be identified and selected in MAB at the same
time and in the same individuals, and thus MAB is particularly
suitable for gene pyramiding.
• Faster, cheaper and more accurate than conventional phenotypic
assays, depending on the traits and conditions, and thus MAB
may result in higher effectiveness and higher efficiency in terms
of time, resources and efforts saved.
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17. The application of molecular technologies to plant breeding is still facing
the following drawbacks and/or challenges:
• Not all markers are breeder-friendly. This problem may be solved by
converting of nonbreeder- friendly markers to other types of breeder-friendly
markers.
• Not all markers can be applicable across populations due to lack of marker
polymorphism or reliable marker-trait association.
• False selection may occur due to recombination between the markers and the
genes/QTLs of interest.
• Use of flanking markers or more markers for the target gene/QTL can help. A
large number of breeding programs have not been equipped with adequate
facilities and conditions for a large-scale adoption of MAB in practice.
• Higher startup expenses and labor costs.
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18. THANK YOU
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