2. introduction
• What are the benefits of fish bone?
Fish bones, brains, cartilage and fat are nutritious,
containing extra-high levels of vitamin A, omega-3 fatty
acids, iron, zinc and calcium, according to Toppe. And
using such scraps for human food could also benefit the
environment by reducing pollution from processing
facilities.
Calcium deficiency in the United States has been
considered a major cause of osteoporosis, affecting
approximately 26 million people annually (Melton, 1995)
3. Recommended calcium intake for various age groups
The optimal calcium intake has been
recommended to be 800 mg/day
during childhood below five years of
age, 800±1200 mg/day for children
from age six to ten, 1200±1500 mg/day
for adolescents or young adults from
age 12± 24 and pregnant or lactating
women, 1000 mg/day from age 25 to
the time of estrogen deprivation or age
65, and 1500 mg/day for elderly people.
7. References
• S.-K. Kim, W.-K. Jung, in Maximising the Value of Marine By-Products, 2007. Fish and bone as a
calcium source, Pukyong National University, Republic of Korea
• https://www.google.com/search?q=Anchovy&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiGvYTK6535AhUhgWMGHYzVCigQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=Anchovy&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIHCAAQsQMQQzIHCAAQsQMQQzIECAAQQzIFCAAQgAQyBAgAEEMyBQgAEIAEMgUIABCABDIFCAAQgAQyBQgAEIAEMgUIABC
ABDoICAAQsQMQgwE6CwgAEIAEELEDEIMBOggIABCABBCxAzoKCAAQsQMQgwEQQ1DBiQFYuKkBYPKsAWgCcAB4AIABXYgBogaSAQIxMJgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1nwAE
B&sclient=img&ei=zK_jYoanOqGCjuMPjKurwAI
• https://www.google.com/search?q=flat+fish&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwj-g-Gy6535AhVHgGMGHYRiCrsQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=flat+fish&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIICAAQgAQQsQMyBQgAEIAEMgUIABCABDIFCAAQgAQyBQgAEIAEMgUIABCABDIFCAAQgAQyBQgAEIAEMgUIABCABDIFCAAQ
gAQ6BAgAEEM6CwgAEIAEELEDEIMBOgcIABCxAxBDUKzWAljA4QJg0OkCaAFwAHgAgAH_BIgBiAuSAQYxMC41LTGYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZ8ABAQ&sclient=img&ei=nK
_jYv7FCMeAjuMPhMWp2As
• https://www.google.com/search?q=conger+eel&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiml5ah6535AhV8_jgGHQzbDfYQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=conger+eel&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIECAAQQzIECAAQQzIFCAAQgAQyBQgAEIAEMgUIABCABDIFCAAQgAQyBQgAEIAEMgUIABCABDIFCAAQgAQyBQgAEIAEOgcI
ABCxAxBDOgsIABCABBCxAxCDAToICAAQgAQQsQM6CggAELEDEIMBEENQ09cBWIj6AWCn_wFoAXAAeAKAAdkBiAHfDpIBBjE4LjIuMZgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1nsAEAwAE
B&sclient=img&ei=d6_jYub_D_z84-EPjLa3sA8
• https://www.google.com/search?q=flying+fish&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiH2tCF6535AhV_umMGHaVLCeoQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=flying+fish&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIHCAAQsQMQQzIFCAAQgAQyBQgAEIAEMgUIABCABDIFCAAQgAQyBQgAEIAEMgUIABCABDIFCAAQgAQyBQgAEIAEMgUIAB
CABDoECAAQQzoICAAQgAQQsQM6CwgAEIAEELEDEIMBUOvzAli_kwNgz5kDaAFwAHgCgAFziAG1EZIBBDI1LjKYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZ7ABAMABAQ&sclient=img&ei=P
a_jYsfHHv_0juMPpZel0A4
• https://www.google.com/search?q=Spanish+mackerel&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjpvc6N6p35AhXAxqACHcJsBVQQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=Spanish+mackerel&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIECAAQQzIECAAQQzIFCAAQgAQyBQgAEIAEMgUIABCABDIFCAAQgAQyBQgAEIAEMgUIABCABDIFCAAQgAQyBQgAEI
AEOgYIABAKEBg6CwgAEIAEELEDEIMBOggIABCABBCxAzoHCAAQsQMQQ1CbkgFYor8BYNXBAWgBcAB4AYABd4gBzQuSAQQxNy4xmAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWfAAQE&sclie
nt=img&ei=Qa7jYqmZMcCNg8UPwtmVoAU
• https://www.google.com/search?q=lizzard+fish&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjKlN_T6Z35AhXx_zgGHQEwAogQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=lizzard+fish&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIFCAAQgAQyBggAEAoQGDoECAAQQzoLCAAQgAQQsQMQgwE6CAgAEIAEELEDOgcIABCxAxBDOggIABCxAxCDAToKCAAQsQ
MQgwEQQzoECAAQA1Dp3gVYn4UGYKeLBmgBcAB4A4ABbogBrhCSAQQyMi4zmAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWewAQDAAQE&sclient=img&ei=yK3jYsqQG_H_4-EPgeCIwAg
• https://www.google.com/search?q=trigger+fish&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&vet=1&fir=OLsR-r9LP8qowM%252Cz4MqDm8kpLkvEM%252C_%253BjpqL507S21-
R8M%252CMmtVP1jdZ_VZfM%252C_%253BtotCA-WLC7IbsM%252Cl3g4-hX9RvD9jM%252C_%253BS_Dwrnj9T-mNSM%252C6wO8QG-yKZ8QbM%252C_&usg=AI4_-
kSIN3cIH9wU9QswN53Jet6qllePaw&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjPh4bR6Z35AhUExjgGHaepCRYQ_h16BAhmEAE#imgrc=kMNnPqsVgULcqM