Large mouth bass taxonomic position, identification and breeding biology and Aquaculture as it's important aquaculture species in few countries.

1. Taxonomy, Biology and Aquaculture of
Micropterus salmoides (Lacepède, 1802)
Largemouth black bass
By:
B. Bhaskar
FRM

2. Introduction
• Largemouth bass micropterus salmoides natives to freshwater area of
North America, which is a kind of famous global economic fi sh, and
belongs to Centrarchidae, Perciformes.
• Largemouth bass was fi rst introduced into China in Guangdong
province in the early 1980s of last century.
• To date, the fi sh was mainly cultured in pond, especially largely
culture in the province of Guangdong, Sichuan and Zhejiang, and it
has become the major freshwater aquaculture species in China.
• The average yield of this fi sh can reach about 37500 kg/ha in
Guangdong province , so the pond culture technology is worthy to
spread.

3. Classification, Taxonomic position & Biology of Large mouth seabass (Ref:Fishbase)
Morpho-metrics Identification:
• Dorsal spines (total): 10; Dorsal soft rays (total): 11-14; Anal spines: 3; Anal soft rays: 10 -
12; Vertebrae: 30 - 32. Mouth large; maxillary extending beyond the eye. Pelvic fins not joined by a
membrane. Green to olive dorsally, milk-white to yellow ventrally, with a black band running from the
operculum to the base of the caudal fin. Caudal fin rounded. Caudal fin with 17 rays.
Biology:
• Inhabit lakes, ponds, swamps, and backwaters and pools of creeks, and small to large rivers. Usually
found over mud or sand and common in impoundments. They prefer quiet, clear water and over-grown
banks. Adults feed on fishes, crayfish and frogs; young feed on crustaceans, insects and small fishes.
Sometimes cannibalistic. They don't feed during spawning; as well as when the water temperature is
below 5°C and above 37°C. Builds nest at 25 mm-203 mm deep. An introduced species in Europe
reported to avoid fast-flowing waters and to occur in estuaries with a salinity up to 13 ppt. Popular game
fish in North America. Preyed upon by herons, bitterns, and kingfishers. Excellent food fish.
• The male which becomes aggressive and territorial builds the nest on muddy bottoms of shallow water. A
female may spawn with several males on different nests. The male guards and fans the eggs for about 29
days. Spawning takes place spring to summer or when temperature reaches 15°C. Adults mate between
the age of 5-12 years
Distribution: North America: St. Lawrence - Great Lakes, and Mississippi River basins from southern
Quebec to Minnesota and south to Gulf; Atlantic and Gulf drainages from North Carolina to Florida and
to northern Mexico. The species has been introduced widely as a game fish and is now cosmopolitan.
Several countries report adverse ecological impact after introduction.
• Maximum reported Length& Weight and Age: 97.0 cm TL male/unsexed; common length : 40.0 cm TL
male/unsexed; max.weight: 10.1 kg; max. reported age: 23 years.
Actinopteri (ray-finned fishes) Order: Centrarchiformes (Basses) Family: Centrarchidae (Sunfishes)
Etymology: Micropterus: Greek, mikros = small + Greek,pteron = wing,fin); salmoides: salmoides meaning trout-like

4. Artificial Breeding
Broodstock cultivation:
• healthy fi shes (1-1.5 kg, 2-3 years old) are selected to be as the
candidate broodstock, and then put them into ponds with the male
and female ratio 1:1 or 3:2.
• The breeding ponds are primary earthen ponds outside.
• Each pond area is required about 0.2 hectare with the water depth
of 1.5-2 m, the slow fl owing water is also needed.
• The stocking density of broodstock should be 0.2-0.5 kg/m2.
• During the breeding season, high quality food must be provided to
ensure the gonad development, such as fresh fish and compound
feed are required, which need to be feed 1-2 times a day, and a 3-
5% daily feeding amount of the total weight is necessary.
• Reducing the amount of food suitably one month before spawning,
and pouring fresh water into the pond for 1-2 hours every 2-3 days
to promote gonad maturation.
• The pond aerator should be turned on when it is necessary

5. Preparation for artificial spawning:
• The spawning pools could be either cement pool or earthen
pool.
• The cement pool area is required about 10-30 m2 and with the
water depth of 0.4-0.5 m.
• Putting the pebbles at the bottom of the cement pool, and
putting some artificial nests, which are made from the soft
grass or polyethylene mesh in the pond, then use the stone to
fix the artificial nests.
• Finally put one pair broodstock into the pond every 1-2 m2
• The earthen ponds area is required about 500-1500 m2 with
the water depth of 0.4-1 m.
• use the same method to set the artificial nests in the earthen
pond.
• Finally put 20-30 pairs of broodstocks in the earthen pond
every 667 m2

6. Injection of oxytocin
• The reproduction of appropriate water temperature was 18-
26, with 2 0-24 is better.
• In process of production, oxytocin is injected into the fi sh
body when the water temperature reaches the condition, and
the main oxytocin used for injection including LRH-A2 and
HCG.
• According to the specific circumstances, the numbers of
injection time need 1 or 2 times by intraperitoneal injection
(IP injection).
• For one-time injection, the LRH-A2 d o se of injection need 5
g/kg of female fish bodyweight, while the HCG need a dose of
injection at 800-1000 IU, meanwhile, the dose should be half
for male fish.
• For two-times injection, the 30% of total dose should be used
in the first injection, and the rest for the second injection.
• The interval time between the two injection actions need 9-
12 hours.

7. Spawning and hatching
• The effect time of oxytocic hormone is about 1-2 days, and classically the
fertilized egg will be found adhere to the fish nest mesh, then move the
fertilized egg to hatching pools together with the fish nest mesh.
• The hatching time of fertilized eggs is related to the water temperature, and
the time is 45 hours when the water temperature is 18-21, but only 32 hours
when the temperature is 22-23.
• It is best to maintain the micro fl owing water during the whole incubation
process to ensure high dissolved oxygen in the water.
• The newly hatched larvae is only 0.7 cm in length and can swim in the
cluster.
• The fry should be remain in the original pool at this time, and the fry begin
to feed when the yolk is absorbed completely in three days after hatching.
• Removing the fish nest and transferring the fry in the fry-rearing pond when
all the fry could swim freely, then the stage of fry culture is starting.
• It should be noted that the largemouth bass is one kind of multiple spawning
fish, so the brood stocks can spawn again if breeding condition is exist.

8. Fry culture
• Feeding the larva fish from which is just begin to eat food to
the fingerling stage that the body length is about 3 cm, and
this fingerling is also called summer fingerling because of it is
cultured usually in the summer in China.
• At this cultivation stage, the fry of largemouth bass is small
and poor adaptability.
• T h e model of fry culture including cement pond culture and
earth pond culture, and the whole stage will last about 30
days depend on the water temperature.
• Cement pond culture:
 The cement pool area is required for 30-50 m2 with the water
depth of 1 m, and equipped with separate inlet, drainage and
aeration equipment.
 Thoroughly clean and disinfect the pool before the larva fi sh
entering the pool, then move the larva fi sh to the pond and
the density is required for 2000 tails/m2

9.  The small zooplankton should be fed at the beginning of the
breeding season, such as rotifers or artemia larvae, and the
frequency should be 2-3 times every day.
 The food should be at 5-7 % bodyweight and properly
adjust according to the feeding condition.
 We had better to transfer the fry in the earth pond when the
fi sh grow to 1.5-2 cm long, and reduce the cultivation
density properly.
 At this time, the fry should be fed with macrozooplankton
zooplankton, such as the cladocerans, copepods and
tubificidae.
 The food intake of fry increased gradually when the body
length is above 2cm, so we start to feed fish pulp, then feed
the small pieces of fish gradually

10. Earth pond culture
• The earth Pond area is required for 667-2000 m2 with water depth
of 1-1.5 m, and also need to equip with separate inlet, drainage and
aeration equipment the same with cement pool.
• Using the medicine such as quicklime and tea seed meal to clean
and disinfect the pond thoroughly before the larva fish entering the
pool, then add nutrients into the pond to raise the reproduction
level of the rotifer, cladocera and copepod, which is the food of
the larva fish, so their biomass will peak in turn.
• The feeding density of larva fish is 50000 tails per 667 m2.
• Starting to feed tubificidae and fish pulp when the fish grows to 2
cm long.
• The daily feeding amount accounts for 5%-10% of the fish weight,
and make the appropriate adjustment according to the weather and
feeding condition of fi sh.
• The fry grow to 3 cm long need about 30 days, then transfer the fry
to different ponds according to the different length of body,
meanwhile the stage of fingerling culture is starting

11. Management key aspects
• Adding fresh water into the pond regularly to improve the growth
rate and survival rate of fry.
• The frequency at one time per 5-7 days is better, while exchange
part of the original water in the pond.
• Using the net to filter out the rough fish and injurious insect, and to
avoid
• the water flowing into the bottom of the pool directly to make the
water muddy.
• Largemouth bass is one kind of carnivorous and fierce fish, and the
differentiation of individual size occur easily in the process of
culture, then the fish will kill each other especially when the food
supply is insufficient.
• So the adequate food should be provided first, and make sure that
the fry in the one pond is the same batch and the body length is
tidy.
• In the culture process, we should screen out the fish of different
sizes to do the graded feeding, in order to ensure the size of fries
are similar in the same pond, especially when the water
temperature maintains at 20-24 to keep the rapid growth rate of fry

12. Fingerling Culture
Fingerling rearing:
• The fingerling culture means that feeding the
fingerling fish from 3 cm to about 5-6cm long, or
even longer.
• After 4-5 months of careful feeding, generally
speaking, the summer fingerling will grow to 13-
20cm in length and 40-200 g in weight, which is
called large size fingerling

13. • The pond area is required for 667-2000 m2 with water depth of 1-1.5 m,
and the breeding facilities are should be full equipped.
• The stocking density of summer fingerlings is 20000-30000 after cleaning
and disinfecting the pond.
• The specific stocking density is determined according to water quality
conditions and breeding needs. If the water quality is good, fi sh stocking
density could be more higher, otherwise should be lower. If we want to cut
down the breeding time, it is appropriate to reduce the stocking density.
• In this breeding process, the fingerling should be screened in time, and fed
in different ponds according to the body size, meanwhile the culture density
should be reduced with the gradual growth of fingerling.
• The stocking density for 5 cm long fingerling is 10000 tails per 667 m2,
while for 10 cm long fingerling is 5000-6000 tails.
• The practice has proved that the cultivation method mentioned above that
screening in time and graded feeding is the important to improve the
survival rate of fingerlings.
• The main food for fingerling is the fish surimi and pieces, also including
some artifi cial compound feed.
• The feeding frequency are 2-3 times per day, and the feeding amount is 5-
10% of the bodyweight. If the water temperature is appropriate and the
management is correct, the fingerling size will reach to 10 cm or longer for
2 months, then we should transfer the fi ngerling to the pond for
marketable fish culture.

14. Management Aspects of fingerlings rearing
• After summer fingerlings entering the pond, the enough food should be supported in time to make sure
that the growth rate of most fingerlings is same, then the internecine condition of the fingerling will
decrease and Survival rate will increase.
• First of all, the pond should set a feeding area, and make all the fingerlings feed in this area to Increase
the feeding effi ciency.
• Secondly, we should extend the feeding time as far as possible, so that every fi sh can eat the food and get
full. Otherwise, the food which not be eat by fi sh in time will sink to the bottom, not only to waste food,
but also cause deterioration of water quality .
• Commercial Fish Culture
Pond conditions:
 The pond area is required for 0.3-0.5ha with water depth of 1.5-2 m, and the other equipment is the same
with the fingerling pond.
 In addition, the pond needs to be equipped with the aerator and standby generator enough because of the
high breeding density.
 Transferring the fi ngerling in the pond in one week before cleaning and disinfecting the pond
completely.
 Breeding methods: Transferring the fingerling of 10 cm long to the pond.
 The fingerling should be healthy with tidy size to avoid or reduce the phenomenon of cannibalism.
 The stocking density of the fi ngerling is about 3 tails per m2, and the density can be raised if the feeding
condition is good.
 The fingerling need to be disinfected by 3-5 % salt water before entering the pond to kill parasites and
pathogenic bacteria.
• Because of the fi ngerling is enough to get hurt and high oxygen demand, so we must move it into the
pond in the sunny morning, and not to do it in the gale or stormy weather.
• Some small amount of silver carp, bighead carp and grass carp can be cultured mix with the largemouth
bass in the pond to regulate water quality by purging feed residue and controlling the growth of plankton,
but the body size should more longer than 10 cm.

15. • The correct feeding way: In the first few days after entering the pond, the
fingerling need to adapt to the environment and do not to eat food right
now, so we should properly feed in the following 2-3 days.
• The good fish feed including ice fresh fish and artificial compound feed.
• The ice fresh fish should not be spoiled, and cut it to the appropriate size.
• The protein content of artificial compound feed should be 40-45 %.
• The feeding is required for at least two times per day, and the feeding
amount is 5-10 % about the fish body weight for feed with the ice fresh fish,
but 3-8% for feed with the artificial compound feed.
• In addition, the feeding amount should be adjusted properly according to
the weather, water temperature and feeding situation.
• For example, the feeding amount should be raised from July to September,
because both the water temperature and growth speed of fish are at high
levels, but the amount should be reduced in December due to the low
water temperature.
• Meanwhile, the feed type cannot be too simple, and sometimes we must
add vitamins and minerals in the food, in order to maintain the normal
nutritional requirements of largemouth bass

16. Graded feeding:
In the breeding process, we should screen out the different grades of fi sh in time
according to the size of the fish, and the screening frequency at one time per month
is better, and then remove the fish of the same size in the same pond to breed.
• The screening work should be carried out in the morning with good weather when
the water temperature is low relatively, and not to do it when the weather is burning
hot or cold. It is worth caution that food deprivation is essential before screening and
the aerator need open to avoid hurting fish in the screening operation.
Water quality:
• In the natural environment, the fish likes staying in the clear fl owing water, so it is
important to keep the water clean, the water need to be updated 1 time per 10-15
days, and the amount accounts for about 1/3 of the pond water each time.
• Probiotics also can be used to maintain water quality if necessary.
• Prevention &Treatment of Fish Diseases
• In fact, fish diseases are frequent occurrence because of the farmers constantly
improve the pond culture density for the higher yield and benefit.
• Some diseases will bring huge economic losses to farmers if it happens, so the
prevention of diseases is very important.
• In order to prevent diseases and improve the water quality, the farmer must sprinkle
lime water or chlorine dioxide into the pond one time per 10-15 days

17. Sodden branchial disease:
• The fi sh gills show a white color and some part of them are rotten when
the disease happened.
• In addition, the sick fi sh usually swim alone and eat few food.
• The treatment way is to use the 3% salt solution soak sick fish for 10-15
minutes, meanwhile feed the oral antibiotic drugs or sulfa-drugs.
Enteritis disease:
• The sick fi sh usually shows a swollen abdomen and anus, and the yellow
blood outfl ow from the anus if we press the abdomen lightly.
• The treatment way is to use the chlorine dioxide disinfect the culture water,
meanwhile add the oxytetracycline in the fish food to feed.
Nocardiosis disease:
• The appetite of sick fish is getting worse, and the body color changes to
black.
• The kidney and muscle appear the white bulging pustule.
• The treatment way is to kill all the pathogenic bacteria by using the
disinfectants before the fish entering the pond, and using the
glutaraldehyde disinfect the culture water at the epidemic season of
disease

18. Largemouth Bass Production
• LMB brooders (older than 2 years and about 1.5 pounds) are stocked in
ponds when water temperatures exceed 60° to 65°F (in early April at
latitudes similar to Kentucky’s).
• Approximately 100 brooders are stocked per acre with 2 males for each
female, and spawning boxes or mats are placed along the shallow pond
edge at least 10 feet apart.
• In a pond environment, bass will spawn at 62° to 68°F.
• For every 3 pounds of brood fish being held in ponds, 20 pounds of forage
fish (goldfish, minnows, carp, bluegills, and/or tilapia) should be available
each year.
• The pond should be clear of aquatic weeds so the brooders can readily find
the forage fish.
• Egg production can be estimated at 5,000 to 10,000 eggs per pound of
female brooder.
• Eggs can be left in the pond to hatch or transferred to a separate nursery
pond on the spawning mats.
• Eggs usually hatch 2 to 3 days after spawning (with about 75% rate of
survival).
• They will use up their yolk sac and be ready to feed (swim-up stage) 3 to 4
days after that with about 60% surviving.

19. • When they are ready to feed, they seek out zooplankton (e.g.,
copepods and rotifers) and will not accept artificial feed.
• If not enough zooplankton is available, the LMB fry will cannibalize
each other; to avoid this, their nursery pond should be fertilized
about 2 weeks before fry are stocked with 250 lb/ac of organic
fertilizer such as soybean meal or alfalfa pellets followed by 15
lb/ac the following week.
• There should be at least 100 zooplankters per liter of pond water.
• Fry can either be moved into their own weed-free fingerling pond
(using soft mesh seines) separate from the brooders, or they can
be left in the original pond and the brooders can be moved.
• Fry should be at a density of between 40,000 and 100,000 per
acre in the nursery pond.
• When the bass reach 1.5 to 2 inches in length, they begin to switch
their diet from zooplankton to insect larvae and eventually smaller
fish.
• At this point in their development, the LMB can be feed-trained to
accept formulated diets.

20. • Feed-Training
• The LMB are:
• seined from the nursery pond,
• graded into groups of similar size,
• crowded into flow-through tanks (at between 300 and 400 per
cubic foot or 40 to 50 fish per gallon determined by rate of flow-
through), and
• fed a diet, gradually replacing freeze-dried krill, ground fish flesh,
or fish eggs with a diet high in fish meal (such as a high-quality
salmon diet).
• The replacement/transition to formulated diet is done over a 7-
day period, and the fish are fed 2 to 8 times a day at about 15% of
their body weight. Use the following table as a feeding guide:
• DayFeed Percentages
• Day 1 – 3100% Krill
• Day 4 – 675% Krill : 25% Formulated Feed
• Day 7 – 950% Krill : 50% Formulated Feed
• Day 10 – 1225% Krill : 75% Formulated Feed
• Day 12 – 26 (or longer)100% Formulated Feed

21. • As indicated in the last row of the table above, the LMB are fed straight
formulated diet in tanks for at least 2 weeks until they are stocked into a
pond.
• This whole feed-training process works best at higher temperatures (80° –
86°F water temperature) and under good water quality conditions (dissolved
oxygen > 4 mg/L, temperature < 89°F, ammonia < 1 mg/L).
• The feed-trained LMB should be stocked at 50,000 to 100,000 per acre and
fed a 40 to 48% protein (and 8 to 10% fat) salmonid diet 2 to 3 times a day
to satiation.
• Using a floating diet is important in order to observe when the fish stop
feeding and to keep the pellets in the fish’s “strike zone” for longer.
• If the bass are at least 1 gram each in size, feed them a 1/16-inch floating
pellet (smaller bass < 1 g should get a smaller #1 or #2 crumble pellet).
• Using this schedule, the bass should reach 3 inches by early fall and can then
be stocked into grow-out ponds at 10,000 to 20,000 per acre.
• Move the bass only when water temperatures are above 55°F; handling
at lower temperatures usually results in severe fungal infections.
• An alternative plan is to stock the newly feed-trained bass directly into the
grow-out pond at 10,000 to 20,000 to the acre. At these grow-out densities,
the bass should reach 1/4 pound by November of their first year.
• During this first-year grow-out, they should be fed twice a day (an hour after
sunrise and an hour before sunset) to satiation with a feed having a protein
level above 40% and a fat level above 15%.

22. • This feed often contains > 35% fish meal and costs at least $750 to $1,000 per ton.
• Recent research has shown that fish meal can be reduced to about 8 to 10% when replaced by
poultry by-product meal.
• Keep carbohydrate levels below 20% because LMB do not handle high carbohydrates very
well.
• At this low level, however, feed pellets do not float very well, and the bass must be fed
slowly to give them time to get to the pellets before they sink.
• At the end of year one or the beginning of year two, the LMB should be thinned out to about
3,500 to 4,500 per acre; they should reach a 1-lb harvest size at the end of this second
growing season.
• As mentioned before, move the bass only when water temperatures are above 55°F to avoid
fungal infections. The following table shows the ideal water quality for LMB during their
second year of growth:
• Water Quality Parameter Ideal Range
• Dissolved oxygen> 4 mg/L or ppm
• Temperature68 – 86 °F
• Ammonia< 0.5 ppm of toxic (un-ionized) ammonia – NH3
• Nitrite Very tolerant of NO3; will probably not be a problem:
Recent studies:
• YuLiu etal.(2022) studies on the optimal feeding frequency for largemouth bass (Micropterus
salmoides) reared in pond and in-pond-raceway(IPR), study indicated that optimal feeding
frequency was 3 meal d−1 for largemouth bass reared in pond, and 2 meal d−1 for the fish
reared in IPR. According to production performance, they reported that IPR should not be an
appropriate grow-out system for commercial largemouth bass farming.

23. Some of the related
fish varities

24. References
• https://www.google.com/search?q=large+mouth+seabass&sxsrf=ALiCzsZ5MOVEFqg54Vgwboe6K-
GXV0mjPg:1662481254565&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjN2_6kyYD6AhW2SWwGHSbSCIgQ_AUoAXoECAEQAw&biw=1366&bih=625&dpr=1#imgrc=ArPXrNrnq9-lJM
• https://www.google.com/search?q=large+mouth+seabass&sxsrf=ALiCzsZ5MOVEFqg54Vgwboe6K-
GXV0mjPg:1662481254565&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjN2_6kyYD6AhW2SWwGHSbSCIgQ_AUoAXoECAEQAw&biw=1366&bih=625&dpr=1#imgrc=ArPXrNrnq9-lJM&imgdii=CKZs90oW_rTR8M
• https://freshwater-aquaculture.extension.org/largemouth-bass/
• Tidwell, J., S. Coyle and N. Cochran. 2011. Largemouth Bass: Production Technologies for Aquaculture. Southern Regional Aquaculture Center (SRAC) Fact Sheet/PowerPoint presentation at website: Largemouth Bass Production
Technologies for Aquaculture
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323215618_Largemouth_Bass_Pond_Culture_in_China_A_Review
• 1. Bai JJ, Li SJ, Deng GC (2009) Farming status and technology of largemouth
• bass micropterus salmoides in China (Section one). Scientifi c Fish Farming
• 6: 15-16.
• 2. Ling J, Chen L (2007) Farming technology lecture of largemouth bass
• micropterus salmoides (Section one). Fishery Guide to be Rich 9: 54-55.
• 3. Zhao WH (2003) Breeding points of largemouth bass micropterus salmoides.
• Inland Fisheries 2: 17.
• 4. Huang XL (2007) Artifi cial breeding and fry- fi ngerling rearing technology of
• American largemouth bass micropterus salmoides. Scientifi c Fish Farming 5:
• 10.
• 5. Liu Q, Yang H, Zhang XH (2004) Artifi cial breeding and fry-fi ngerling rearing
• technique of largemouth bass micropterus salmoides. Hebei Fisheries 2: 27-
• 28.
• 6. Chen JC, Su RY (2001) Artifi cial breeding technique of largemouth bass
• micropterus salmoides. Fisheries Science 20(4): 21-23.
• 7. Bai JJ, Li SJ, Deng GC (2009) Farming status and technology of largemouth
• bass micropterus salmoides in China (Section two). Scientifi c Fish Farming
• 7: 15-17.
• 8. Li SJ (2008) Farming technology summary of largemouth bass micropterus
• salmoides. Inland Fisheries 9: 26-28.
• 9. Bai ZY (2013) Farming announcements of largemouth bass micropterus
• salmoides in spring. Scientifi c Fish Farming 5: 84.
• 10. W ang WB (2006) Farming technology of fry and broodstock of largemouth
• bass micropterus salmoides. Fishery Guide to be Rich 8: 39-41.
• 11. Shen QH (2011) Alternate cult u re technology of largemouth bass fry and
• freshwater shrimp. Modern Agricultural Sciences and Technology 8: 316.
• 12. Yu P (2014) Farming technology research of largemouth bass micropterus
• salmoides in Anhui Province of China. Modern Agricultural Sciences and
• Technology 24: 266-267.
• 13. Chen J (2007) Farm i ng experim e nt of larg e -size fi ngerlings of largemouth
• bass micropterus salmoides in the pond with running water. Scientifi c Fish
• Farming 11: 8-9.
• 14. Wang WS (2004) Intensive cultivation technology of largemouth bass
• micropterus salmoides in the pond. China Fisheries 10: 41-42.
• 15. Ling J, Chen L (2007) Farming technology lecture of largemouth bass
• micropterus salmoides (Section three). Fishery Guide to be Rich 11: 58-59.
• 16. Bai JJ, Li SJ, Deng GC (2009) Farming status and breeding technology of
• largemouth bass micropterus salmoides in China (Section three). Scientifi c
• Fish Farming. 8: 12-16.
• 17. Yu P, Li ZW, Ding XQ (2014) Preliminary study on the high yield cultivation
• model of largemouth bass micropterus salmoides in Anhui province of China.
• Journal of Aquaculture 9: 1-3.
• 18. Li YW (2011) High yield technique of largemouth bass micropterus salmoides
• fed as main species in the pond. Hei Long Jiang Fisheries 3: 5-6.
• 19. Tang YH, Li HJ, Mao GQ (2016) Farming technology of largemouth bass
• micropterus salmoides in the pond. Jiangxi Feed 5: 34-36.
• 20. Dai WA, Chen XY (2003) High yield technique of largemouth bass micropterus
• salmoides fed in large areas of ponds. Freshwater Fisheries 33(3): 57-58.
• Largemouth Bass Pond Culture in
• China: A Review
• https://www.fishbase.in/summary/Micropterus-salmoides.html
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0044848621011273
• https://www.google.com/search?q=Micropterus+salmoides+aquaculture+ponds&sxsrf=ALiCzsYuuPFfNjBQKCTAK5m-
F3_uzN9Npg:1662567949581&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwin0LKgjIP6AhW6TWwGHaqUDGwQ_AUoAXoECAEQAw&biw=1366&bih=625&dpr=1#imgrc=3CDYDv5t0GcrJM
• https://www.google.com/search?q=Micropterus+salmoides+aquaculture+ponds&sxsrf=ALiCzsYuuPFfNjBQKCTAK5m-
F3_uzN9Npg:1662567949581&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwin0LKgjIP6AhW6TWwGHaqUDGwQ_AUoAXoECAEQAw&biw=1366&bih=625&dpr=1#imgrc=uiBKix01eDOUrM&imgdii=wSyZVxxbrDTpFM