Presentation to the 2009 Institute of Brewing and Distilling Africa Section Convention, South Africa

1. The flavour consequences of good intentions - common beer flavour problems arising from sustainability initiatives and how to avoid them Bill Simpson Cara Technology, UK Institute of Brewing & Distilling, Africa Section 12th Conference and Exhibition 1 – 6 March 2009

3. Beer flavour and its control

4. Sustainability and flavour

5. Brand identity

6. Risk of off-flavours

7. Risk of taints

9. “It is a science so obscure and imperfect that custom and preference, confirmed by ignorance, are its sole foundations, with sacrosanct dogmas no better than maxims blindly adopted without any examination of the principles on which they were founded.” Marshal Saxe (1696 – 1750) Reveries on the Art of War

10. Beer life cycle New Belgium Brewing Company Carbon Footprint of Fat Tire® Ale 3,188.8 g CO2 per six pack of beer

11. Contributions of different parts of the beer supply chain to carbon emissions

12. Beer flavour and its control

13. Target brand profile for a pale lager beer

14. Beer flavours which can be impacted by sustainability activities Diacetyl Smoky Caprylic Earthy ‘Yeast bite’ Acetaldehyde Isovaleric ‘Trubby’ Worty Bromophenol Leathery Sweet Grapefruit Astringent Burnt rubber Butyric Ethyl hexanoate Woody Mouldy Acetic ‘Cooked’ H2S Floral Ethyl acetate Ethyl butyrate Methional Isoamyl acetate Phenolic (4-VG) Grainy Rotten vegetable Caramel Bitter Metallic Citrus Malty Solvent alcoholic Mercaptan Musty Indole Honey Chlorophenol DMS

15. How do we marry sustainability and flavour quality?

16. Risks to brand identity

18. What about the provenance of hops?

20. Evaporation rates have been reduced substantially

23. Malts and adjuncts

25. Foster’s Yatala brewery currently uses <2.3 hl / hl

26. Risks

27. Inefficient removal and killing of bugs

29. Trub recovery

30. Fermentation extract loss and the risk of autolysis

32. Trade-off associated with use of off-peak energy

33. Cold maturation – really a necessary ‘evil’?

34. Pasteurization

35. Tunnel

38. The haloanisole issue

40. Forewarned is forearmed