1. 1/06/15
1
APA
Style
of
Referencing
A
Guide
for
Academic
Wri7ng
Binaya
Chalise
Researcher
Center
for
Research
Training
and
Interna7onal
Rela7on
&
Program
Coordinator
Faculty
of
General
medicine
Nepal
Ins7tute
of
Health
Sciences
Informa(on
contained
in
this
work
has
been
copied
from
the
internet
sources
believed
to
be
reliable.
The
developer
of
this
handout
makes
no
warran(es
with
respect
to
the
accuracy
or
completeness
of
this
handout,
and
shall
in
no
event
be
liable
for
any
errors
arising
out
of
use
of
this
informa(on.
The
content
in
this
work
has
not
been
cited
properly,
so
this
work
should
not
be
cited
for
any
other
purpose.
However,
Nepal
Ins(tute
of
Health
Sciences
may
use
the
handout
to
guide
its
students
and
faculty
members
in
APA
referencing
style,
and
CRTIR
may
ini(ate
to
upgrade
the
handout
into
Reference
Guide
(with
proper
cita(on),
acknowledging
the
ini(a(ve
effort
of
the
developer
of
this
handout.
Session
Overview
• Referencing
Basic
• APA
Style
of
Referencing
Basic
• Component
of
Referencing
using
APA
• Referencing
Techniques
in
APA
– Book
– Journal
ArBcle
– World
Wide
Web
– Magazines
and
Newspaper
– Other
Sources
• WriBng
Researching
Paper
in
APA
Style
What
is
Referencing?
• Academic
wriBng
uBlizes
informaBon
from
different
sources.
• The
obtained
informaBon
serves
different
purpose
for
successful
wriBng.
• The
source
and
content
must
be
acknowledged
while
using
them
in
original
work.
• A
systemaBc
way
of
acknowledging
the
source
of
informaBon
and
idea
in
the
formal
wriBng.

2. 1/06/15
2
What
is
Plagiarism
Why
Referencing?
• Avoid
plagiarism.
• Support
argument
with
evidence.
• DisBnguish
own
idea
with
others
• Ensure
that
the
author
is
a
wide
reader
and
researcher.
• Credit
to
author
What
needs
to
be
referenced?
Yes
Is
it
theory/idea?
Is
it
a
quotes?
No
CitaBon
CitaBon
is
Required
Should
I
Cite?
What
are
the
steps
of
Referencing?
• Record
the
full
bibliographic
details
and
relevant
pegs
number
of
the
source.
• Insert
citaBon
at
the
appropriate
place
in
the
text
of
the
document.
• Include
reference
list
that
includes
all
in-­‐text
citaBon
at
the
end
of
the
document.

3. 1/06/15
3
What
is
APA
style
of
Referencing?
• Developed
by
social
and
behavioral
scienBst
to
standardized
scienBfic
wriBng.
• Author-­‐date
style
of
ciBng
and
referencing
informaBon
on
academic
wriBng.
• Used
in
VarieBes
of
Academic
wriBng
• In-­‐text
citaBon
and
reference
list
are
the
important
component.
What
is
Reference
List
?
• list
of
all
the
sources
used
(and
cited)
in
a
academic
wriBng.
• alphabeBzed
according
to
the
names
of
the
authors.
• the
reference
list
appears
at
the
end
of
the
wriBng,
under
the
heading
“References”.
• APA
reference
list
has
a
hanging
indent.
• Each
reference
has
–
Author,
published
date,
Btle
and
other
informaBon
as
basic
component.
Reference
List-­‐Punctua7on
• Each
author’s
name
is
separated
from
the
others
by
a
comma,
and
there
is
a
full
stop
aaer
each
iniBal.
• An
ampersand
(&)
before
the
final
author,
and
a
full
stop
is
always
used
aaer
the
bracket.
• A
colon
is
used
between
Btle
and
subBtle
and
between
publicaBon
and
name
of
publisher.
Referencing
Book-­‐1
Author
Reference
List
Created
in
following
order
Author,
IniBal(s).
(Date).
Title
of
publica(on
(in
Italic).
(EdiBon
number
if
available).
Place
of
publicaBon:
publisher.

4. 1/06/15
4
Example:
Griem,
K.
(2007).
Research
methodology:
Fundamental
principles.
(3rd
ed).
London:
Oxford
University
Press.
Referencing
Book-­‐Authors
• For
2
to
7
authors:
include
all
authors'
names:
Smith,
J.
D.,
Khan,
V.,
Zhang,
H.,
Williams,
T.,
Garcia,
J.,
&
Sato,
Y.
(2009).
Research
ethics
in
New
Zealand:
A
student
guide.
Wellington,
New
Zealand:
Rata
Press.
Con7nue
• For
8
or
more
authors’:
include
the
name
of
the
first
6
authors,
followed
by
three
ellipses
(…),
then
add
the
final
authors
name.
Smith,
J.
D.,
Khan,
V.,
Zhang,
H.,
Williams,
T.,
Garcia,
J.,
Sato,
Y.,
…
Roach,
C.
(2009).
Research
ethics
in
New
Zealand:
A
student
guide.
Wellington,
New
Zealand:
Rata
Press.
Edited
Book
Editor,
IniBal.
(Ed
or
Eds).
(Date).
Title
of
publica(on
(in
Italic).
(EdiBon
Number
if
Available).
Place
of
publicaBon:
publisher.
Example
Boag,
S.
(Ed.).
(2008).
Personality
down
under:
Perspec(ves
from
Australia.
(4th
ed).
New
York,
NY:
Nova
Science
Publishers.

5. 1/06/15
5
Edited
Book
Chapter
Chapter
Author,
IniBals.
(Date).
Chapter
Title
(no
italic).
In
editors
name
(first.
Last).
(Ed/Eds),
Book
(tle
(italic).
(page
Number).
Place
of
publicaBon:
publisher.
Example
Smith,
J.
D.,
&
Khan,
V.
(2009).
Trends
in
discourse
analysis.
In
G.
Schwartz
&
U.
N.
Owen
(Eds.),
Readings
in
qualita(ve
research
design
(pp.
15–59).
Wellington,
New
Zealand:
Rata
Press.
Referencing
Journal
Ar7cle
-­‐Printed
Author,
IniBal(s).
(Published
Year).
Title
of
ArBcle.
Title
of
Journal
(Italic),
Issue
number(italic)
(issue),
page
number.
Example
Smith,
J.
D.,
Khan,
V.,
&
Zhang,
H.
(2009).
Māori
voices:
Approaches
to
bilingual
research.
Journal
of
Academic
Methodologies,
38(3),
17–28.
Journal
Ar7cle
with
DOI
• It
is
similar
to
print
journal
except
a
doi
number
is
added
aaer
page
number.
Example
• Janssen,
M.
&
Viergever,
M.
(2010).
Preexistent
vertebral
rotaBon
in
the
human
spine
is
influenced
by
body
posiBon.
European
Spine
Journal,
19(10),
1728-­‐1734.
doi:
10.1007/s00586-­‐010-­‐1400-­‐3
Journal
Ar7cle
without
DOI
Referencing
order
is
similar
to
journal
arBcle
with
doi,
except
doi
number
is
replaced
with
URL
(web
address).
Example
• Merrill,
C.,
&
Daugherty,
J.
(2010).
STEM
EducaBon
and
leadership:
A
mathemaBcs
and
science
partnership
approach.
Journal
of
Technology
Educa(on,
21(2),
21-­‐34.
Retrieved
from
hsp://scholar.lib.vt.edu/
ejournals/JTE/

6. 1/06/15
6
Journal
Ar7cle
:Abstract
• Author,
IniBal(s).
(Published
Year).
Title
of
ArBcle
[Abstract].
Title
of
Journal
(Italic),
Issue
number(italic)
(issue),
page
number.
Smith,
J.
(2010).
Māori
voices:
Approaches
to
bilingual
research
[Abstract].
Journal
of
Academic
Methodologies,
38(3),
17–
28.
Journal
Ar7cle
:Abstract
Online
• Author,
IniBal(s).
(Published
Year).
Title
of
ArBcle
[Abstract].
Title
of
Journal
(Italic),
Issue
number(italic)
(issue),
page
number.
Abstract
retrieved
from
URL
OR
doi
number
Merrill,
C.,
&
Daugherty,
J.
(2010).
STEM
EducaBon
and
leadership:
A
mathemaBcs
and
science
partnership
approach
[Abstract].
Journal
of
Technology
Educa(on,
21(2),
21-­‐34.
Abstract
retrieved
from
hsp://scholar.lib.vt.edu/
ejournals/JTE/
Journal
Ar7cle
in
Press
• Author(s),
IniBal(s).
(in
print).
Title
of
journal
arBcle.
Title
of
journal
(in
italic).
Williams,
S.,
&
Beave,
H.
J.
(in
press).
Problem
based
learning
in
the
clinical
sevng
–
a
systemaBc
review.
Nurse
Educa(on
Today.
Website
• Website
with
Author:
Smith,
J.
D.
(2009).
Kindergartens
and
childcare
centres
in
New
Zealand.
Retrieved
from
hsp://www.example.com/thepage.htm
• Document
within
Website
Cancer
Council
Australia.
(2010).
Stop
smoking
[fact
sheet].
Retrieved
from
hsp://
www.cancer.org.au//file/HealthProfessionals/
Factsheets/FS_StopSmoking.pdf

7. 1/06/15
7
Website
Blog
Siegel,
E.
(2010,
November,
10).
The
Physics
of
Global
Warming
[Web
blog
post].
Retrieved
November
11,
from
hsp://
scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2010/11/
the_physics_of_global_warming.php
Magazine
• Print
Magazine
Smith,
J.
D.
(2009,
January
12).
TerBary
funding
models
in
New
Zealand.
Ter(ary
Educa(on
Magazine,
21(1),
21–24.
• Online
Magazine
Smith,
J.
D.
(2009,
January
12).
TerBary
funding
models
in
New
Zealand.
Ter(ary
Educa(on
Magazine,
21(1),
21–24.
Retrieved
from
hsp://www.example.com/
Magazine
• Printed
Government
Report
Queensland
Health.
(2005).
Health
Systems
Review:
Final
Report.
Brisbane:
Queensland
Government.
• Place
of
publicaBon
and
publisher
is
replaced
with
doi
number
or
URL
in
online
Government
Report.
Other
Source
• Thesis
Author(s),
IniBal(s).
(Year
of
preparaBon
of
thesis).
Title
of
thesis(Italic).
(Award).
InsBtuBon,
place
of
insBtuBon.
• Example
Axford,
J.C.
(2007).
What
cons(tutes
success
in
Pacific
island
community
conserved
areas?
(Doctoral
dissertaBon).
University
of
Queensland,
Brisbane,
Australia.

8. 1/06/15
8
Other
Source
• Conference
paper
-­‐published
Author(s),
IniBal(s).
(Years).
Title
of
paper.
Title
of
published
proceeding.
Place
of
PublicaBon:
publisher.
Scheinin,
P.
(2009).
Using
student
assessment
to
improve
teaching
and
educaBonal
policy.
In
M.
O'Keefe,
E.
Webb,
&
K.
Hoad
(Eds.),
Assessment
and
student
learning:
Collec(ng,
interpre(ng
and
using
data
to
inform
teaching,
12-­‐14.
Melbourne,
Australia:
Australian
Council
for
Educa(onal
Research
Other
Source
• Conference
paper
–unpublished
Author(s),
IniBal(s).
(Date).
Paper
(tle
(in
italic).
Place
of
presentaBon:
place.
Bowden,
F.J.,
&
Fairley,
C.K.
(1996,
June).
Endemic
STDs
in
the
Northern
Territory:
Es(ma(ons
of
effec(ve
rates
of
partner
change.
Paper
presented
at
the
ScienBfic
MeeBng
of
the
Royal
Australian
College
of
Physicians,
Darwin.
Some
Universal
Rule
• Author(s),
IniBal(s)
and
date
is
included
when
an
author
and
date
is
available.
• Author
is
replaced
with
the
OrganizaBon’s
name
when
authorship
lies
with
the
organizaBon.
• A
shortened
version
of
the
source's
Btle
is
used
when
no
author,
either
individual
or
organizaBon,
is
available.
• If
there
is
no
date,
the
abbreviaBon
of
n.d.
is
used.
• All
literature
from
online
sources
include
the
URL
or
DOI
number
or
Database
(Example)

9. 1/06/15
9
Wri7ng
Research
Paper
in
APA
Style
Binaya
Chalise
Research
Training
and
Interna7onal
Rela7on
• APA
uses
a
system
that
includes
the
author’s
last
name
and
the
year
of
publicaBon
in
a
parenthesis.
• A
page
number
may
be
included
in
the
in-­‐text
citaBon.
• A
page
number
is
compulsory
if
the
author
is
quoBng
someone’s
idea.
What
is
In-­‐text
cita7on?
In
Text
Cita7on
• The
author's
name
can
appear
outside
the
brackets,
incorporated
into
the
sentence
According
to
Smith
(2009),
the
best
source
of
…
• It
can
appear
inside
the
brackets:
…
was
the
case
(Smith,
2009).
In
Text
Cita7on
• For
2
Author:
Include
all
authors’.
According
to
Smith
and
Khan
(2009),
the
best
source
of
…
…
was
the
case
(Smith
&
Khan,
2009).
• For
3
to
5
Authors:
Include
all
authors’
for
first
Bme
citaBon,
and
include
first
author
followed
by
et
al.
for
subsequent
citaBon.

10. 1/06/15
10
In
Text
Cita7on
According
to
Smith,
Khan,
Zhang,
Williams
and
Garcia
(2009),
the
best
source
of
…
According
to
Smith
et
al.
(2009)
…
(for
subsequent
cita7on)
For
6
or
more
Authors:
include
first
author
followed
by
et
al.
for
every
citaBon
In
Text
Cita7on
• When
the
author
is
an
organizaBon,
author’s
name
is
replaced
with
organizaBon
name.
According
to
the
Ministry
of
Educa7on
(2009),
the
best
source
of
…
…
was
the
case
(Ministry
of
Educa7on,
2009).
In
Text
Cita7on
• When
the
source
does
not
include
date,
(n.d.)
is
used
in
place
of
date.
According
to
Smith
(n.d.),
the
best
source
of
…
…
was
the
case
(Smith,
n.d.).
In
Text
Cita7on
• No
Author
-­‐
A
shortened
version
of
the
source's
Btle
is
used
in
place
of
the
author.
According
to
Research
ethics
(2009),
the
best
source
of
…
…
was
the
case
(Research
ethics,
2009).

11. 1/06/15
11
In
Text
Cita7on
• No
author
no
date:
A
shortened
version
of
the
source's
Btle
is
used
in
place
of
the
author,
and
(n.d.)
is
used
in
place
of
the
date.
According
to
Research
ethics
(n.d.),
the
best
source
of
…
…
was
the
case
(Research
ethics,
n.d.).
• Page
number
encourage
(not
compulsory)
if
the
author
is
paraphrasing
or
summarizing
other’s
work.
• May
include
page
number
if
the
author
wish
to
direct
reader
to
specific
page.
• In-­‐text
citaBon
are
carried
out
in
three
ways
via
quoBng,
paraphrasing
and
summarizing.
(Example
–In-­‐text
citaBon)
What
is
In-­‐text
cita7on?
What
is
Quo7ng?
• an
exact
copy
of
the
words
that
someone
else
has
wrisen
or
said.
• These
words
are
placed
within
quotaBon
marks
(also
known
as
speech
marks:
“”).
• Regular
quotes
are
used
when
the
quote
is
less
than
40
words
.
• Block
quotes
are
used
for
quotes
of
more
than
40
words
What
is
Quo7ng?
Block
Quote
• Words
more
than
40
words
• QuotaBon
marks
are
omised
• Started
in
a
new
line
with
indentaBon
of
half
intch
(approximately
5
spaces).
Regular
Quote
• Words
less
than
40
words
• QuotaBon
marks
are
always
used.
• Started
in
a
same
line
with
or
without
indentaBon.
(Example:
Regular
and
Block
Quote)

12. 1/06/15
12
What
is
Paraphrasing?
• RestaBng
informaBon
using
different
words.
• It
is
simply
changing
the
key
words
and
grammaBcal
format
of
the
original
text.
• Paraphrasing
aims
to
rewrite
the
informaBon
by
drawing
on
different
words
and
phrases.
• Before
paraphrasing,
the
authors’
needs
to
develop
idea
and
use
the
idea
to
frame
the
paraphrase.
What
is
Paraphrasing?
• Write
down
or
paste
a
photocopy
of
the
passage.
Underline
the
author's
main
points.
• List
some
key
ideas,
concepts,
and
phrases
from
the
passage.
• Where
possible,
note
down
alternaBve
phrases
or
synonyms
for
each
of
these.
• Rewrite,
using
those
alternaBve
words
and
phrases.
• Summarizing
involves
selecBng
out
some
key
features
and
then
using
those
to
create
a
shortened
version
of
the
other
author's
work.
• This
may
be
achieved
by
simplifying
the
ideas,
as
well
as
using
a
different
sentence
structure
or
sentence
order
to
present
those
ideas.
• Should
not
alter
the
meaning
of
informaBon
significantly.
What
is
Summarizing?
Wri7ng
Style
• Three
aspects
should
be
considered
for
wriBng
the
best
research
paper
• there
should
be
proper
wriBng
language
• the
punctuaBon
and
grammar
should
be
accurate
• the
paper
should
be
properly
formased

13. 1/06/15
13
Wri7ng
Style
• TradiBonally,
wrisen
in
a
formal
style,
avoiding
first
person
possessive
pronoun
• passive
voice
was
used
widely.
• APA
6th
ediBon
accepts
use
of
the
first
person
possessive
pronoun
and
acBve
voice.
Wri7ng
Style
• Font
size
should
be
12
at
Times
New
Roman
with
double
spacing.
• The
margin
should
be
1
inch
each
on
all
sides.
• The
first
line
of
the
paragraph
is
always
indented
except
abstract,
block
quote
and
heading.
• Only
the
lea
hand
margin
of
the
text
should
be
jusBfied,
and
the
right
hand
margin
should
end
unevenly.
• Separate
rules
apply
for
use
of
numbers
(example)
Title
Page
• contains
a
running
head,
Btle
and
author’s
name.
• page
number
(in
Arabic
format)
is
on
the
Btle
page
in
the
upper
right-­‐hand
corner
and
on
each
page.
• running
head
should
be
no
more
than
50
characters;
all
characters
should
be
capitalized
and
should
not
be
boald
.
Abstract
• usually
150
to
250
words
and
typed
on
a
separate
page.
• The
word
“Abstract”
should
appear
on
the
first
line,
centered.
• Normally
an
abstract
should
consist
of
only
one
paragraph.

14. 1/06/15
14
Introduc7on
and
Literature
Review
• The
introducBon
page
should
be
started
on
a
fresh
page.
• The
word
“IntroducBon”
is
never
typed
at
the
top
of
the
introductory
page.
• Replaced
with
the
Btle
of
manuscript,
centered
lea
to
right.
• Should
be
wrisen
in
upper
and
lower
case.
Introduc7on
and
Literature
Review
The
secBon
contains
following
informaBon:
• General
introducBon
to
the
topic
under
invesBgaBon
and
populaBon
at
risk.
• Findings
of
previous
studies
relevant
to
the
present
study.
• Effect
of
study
on
the
pracBce
• Purpose
of
the
present
study
with
jusBficaBon.
• PredicBon
of
study
in
line
with
stated
problem
Method
• ParBcipants
or
Subjects
or
Research
Units
• Design
• Experimental
ManipulaBons/IntervenBons/
InstrumentaBon
• Data
CollecBons
• Data
Analysis
Plan
• Ethical
ConsideraBon
(Human
Subject
ProtecBons)
• Bias
• LimitaBons
Result
• oaen
helpful
to
use
tables
and
figures,
especially
when
there
is
a
lot
of
data
to
report.
• Each
table
is
put
on
a
separate
page,
with
the
first
table
following
the
footnotes
• The
first
line
of
each
table
page
is
“Table
n,”
• The
next
line
is
the
Btle
of
the
table,
in
upper
and
lower
case,
italic
font

15. 1/06/15
15
Sta7s7c
in
APA
• staBsBcal
symbols
are
never
italicized
except
for
Greek
symbols.
• parentheses
to
enclose
staBsBcal
values
(p
=
1.33).
• Degree
of
freedom
is
always
enclosed
in
Parenthesis:
t(45)
=
4.35
• Square
brackets
are
used
to
enclose
limits
of
confidence:
95%
CIs
[3.45,
2.7],
[-­‐6.0,
3.89],
and
[-­‐7.23,
1.89]
• N
as
total
parBcipant
in
a
sample,
n
as
proporBon
of
sample.
Sta7s7c
in
APA
Correla7on
r(45)
=
.56,
p
=
.04
(Note:
45
is
the
N)
Means
and
standard
deviaBon
(M
=
21.41,
SD
=
10.35)
T-­‐test
t(60)
=
5.41,
p
=
.03
(Note:
60
=
df)
ANOVA
results
F(2,
45)
=
8.90,
p
=
.02
(Note:
2,45
are
the
df
for
the
F)
Chi-­‐Square
Χ2
(4,
N
=
90)
=
10.51,
p
=
.21
(Note:
4
is
the
df)
Discussion
• RelaBon
of
results
with
research
hypothesis.
• Difference
between
result
of
the
study
and
those
with
others.
• LimitaBon
of
the
study
• ImplicaBon
of
findings
on
findings
to
theory
and
pracBce.
• Call
for
addiBonal
research
• RecommendaBon
in
logical
order.
References
• All
sources
cited
should
be
listed
in
the
reference
secBon.
• The
reference
page
is
on
a
separate
page
• Must
be
one-­‐to-­‐one
correspondence
between
the
reference
list
and
the
citaBons
in
the
body
of
the
manuscript.
• each
item
in
the
reference
list
must
be
cited
in
the
body
of
the
textat
least
once.

16. 1/06/15
16
Appendix
• If
there
is
an
appendix,
it
starts
on
a
new
page
following
the
last
page
of
the
references.
• The
first
line
of
the
first
page
“Appendix”
is
centered.
On
the
next
line,
Btle
of
the
appendix
is
typed.
• Appendix
is
numbered
alphabeBcally
and
Is
capitalized
List
of
References
American
Psychological
AssociaBon.
(2012).
The
basics
of
APA
style.
Retrieved
from
hsp://www.apastyle.org/learn/tutorials/basics-­‐
tutorial.aspx
Harring
,&
Edelman
.
(2009).
Summary
of
APA
style
for
wriBng
research
reports
Retrieved
from
www.lcsc.edu/bchristenson/NEWResearchOutline.dot
La
Trobe
University
Library.
(2012,
August,
17).
Referencing
at
La
Trobe
(academic
referencing
modles):APA
6
referencing
module.
Retrieved
from
hsp://latrobe.libguides.com/content.php?pid=145852
List
of
References
La
Trobe
University
Library.
(2012,
August,
17).
Referencing
style
guide.
Retrieved
from
hsp://www.lib.latrobe.edu.au/help/style-­‐guides.php
Massey
University.
(n.d.).
APA
Interac(ve
.
Retrieved
from
hsp://owll.massey.ac.nz/referencing/apa-­‐
interacBve.php
Massey
University.
(n.d.).
Introduc(on
to
referencing.
Retrieved
from
hsp://owll.massey.ac.nz/referencing/introducBon-­‐
to-­‐referencing.php
List
of
References
The
WriBng
Lab,
The
OWL
at
Purdue
&
Purdue
University.
(n.d.).
Purdue
online
wri(ng
lab:
APA
style.
Retrieved
from
hsp://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/secBon/2/10/
Scribe,
A.
(2012).
APA
lite
for
collage
papers
Retrieved
from
hsp://www.docstyles.com/apacrib.htm
The
University
of
Queensland
Library
Australia.
(2012).
References/Bibliography
APA:
Based
on
“The
Publica(on
Manual
of
the
American
Psychological
Associa(on”
6th
edi(on.
Retrieved
from
hsp://www.library.uq.edu.au/training/citaBon/apa_6
df

17. 1/06/15
17
List
of
References
University
of
North
Carolina
School
of
Social
Work.
(n.d.).
The
portable
editor:
Tips
for
improving
your
wri(ng.
Retrieved
from
hsp://ssw.unc.edu/files/web/pdf/Current
%20Students/ThePortableEditor5final.pdf
Wuensch,
K.
L.
(2011).
Wri(ng
an
APA-­‐style
research
report.
Retrieved
from
hsp://www.core.ecu.edu/psyc/wuenschk/
docs2210/Research
WriteUp.docx