Presentation of Semida Silveira for the "2nd Workshop on the Impact of New Technologies on the Sustainability of the Sugarcane/Bioethanol Production Cycle" Apresentação de Semida Silveira realizada no "2nd Workshop on the Impact of New Technologies on the Sustainability of the Sugarcane/Bioethanol Production Cycle " Date / Data : Novr 11th - 12th 2009/ 11 e 12 de novembro de 2009 Place / Local: CTBE, Campinas, Brazil Event Website / Website do evento: http://www.bioetanol.org.br/workshop5

1. Socio-economic aspects of biofuels production
– what are the concerns in Europe?
Semida Silveira
Professor, PhD, head of division Energy and Climate Studies
Coordinator of KTH Strategic Platform for Energy and Climate
II Workshop on the Impact of New Technologies on the
Sustainability of Sugarcane/Bioethanol Production Cycle
Campinas, 11-12 November 2009
semida.silveira@energy.kth.se
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2. Socio-economic aspects of biofuels production
– what are the concerns in Europe?
 bioenergy (among renewables) in the EU
 sustainability criteria - environmental x social
preocupations in perspective
 the global development agenda
 tasks for CTBE
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3. Ambitious goals in the EU
define new market conditions
At least 20% less ghg emissions
30% if a global agreement is reached
20%
20% more energy efficiency
20% renewable energy
2020
20% 20%
10% renewables in transport
at least 14% of bio-energy in the total mix in 2020
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4. Renewables for EU 27, 2000 and 2005
and national targets for 2020
Source: Eurostat, Swedish Energy Agency
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5. Public sector energy R&D
IEA countries from 1974 to 2006
Source: IEA 2008, in support to G8 plan of action
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6. Global new investment in clean energy
technology by asset class, 2004-2007
Source: New Energy Finance
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7. Global new investment by technology 2007
Public markets new
investments
Source: New Energy Finance
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8. Biofuel policy development in the EU
• 2001: In the “Communication on alternative fuels for
road transport” the European Commission identifies i.a.
biofuels as potential future transport fuel
• 2003: The EU adopts the Biofuels Directive (2003/30
EC ). Targets: 2% in 2005; 5.75% in 2010
• 2003: Energy taxation Directive (2003/96 EC) allows
de-taxation of biofuels
• 2005: EC presents “Biomass Action Plan”
• 2006: EC presents “An EU strategy for biofuels”
prepares revision of the Biofuels Directive 2003/30 EC
• 2007: “Road Map for Renewable Energy in Europe”
• 2010: Deadline for National Action Plans
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9. The role of biofuels in the EU
• Increased security of supply
• Reduction of greenhouse gases
• Reduction of oil dependency
• Sustainable development
• Rural revitalization
• Competitiveness
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10. ! Ethanol one option among others in EU !
• EU is evaluating various alternatives
Ethanol and biodiesel
Gas / biogas
Electricity
• Strong focus on what EU can do internally
to increase supply security
• EU pushing for technological development
to increase its competitiveness
• Plan for 15 pilot/demo plants to accelerate
biofuel development (SET Plan)
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11. The SET-Plan in the EU
• Strategic Energy Technology Plan (COM(2007) 723
final)= strategic plan to accelerate the development
and deployment of cost‐effec7ve low carbon
technologies
• Communica5on on Inves5ng in the development of
low Carbon Technologies (COM(2009) 519 Final) =
explains what we need to finance and how much it
will cost
• Technology Roadmaps (SEC(2009) 1295) = wri=en in
consulta7on with stakeholders and meant to guide
the implementa7on of the European Industrial
Ini7a7ves
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12. The technology roadmap for bioenergy
• Industrial sector objec5ve:
To ensure at least 14% bioenergy in the EU
energy mix by 2020, and guarantee GHG
emission savings of 60% for bio-fuels and bio-
liquids under the sustainability criteria of the
new RES directive
Bring to commercial maturity the currently most
promising technologies and value-chains, in
order to promote large-scale, sustainable
production of advanced biofuels and highly
efficient heat & power from biomass.
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13. The technology roadmap for bioenergy
Ac5ons Cost
M€
1. Op7misa7on of the most promising 7900
value chains via thermo‐chemical and
biochemical pathways => collabora7ve
programme of demonstra7on and first‐
of‐this‐kind industrial‐size plants
2. Support ac7vi7es on biomass feedstock 600
assessment, produc7on, management
Cooperation with and harves7ng for energy purposes
Brazil being 3.Iden7fica7on and development of new 400
contemplated but value chains
not specified
TOTAL
9000
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14. Growing concerns about sustainability
in the up-scaling of bioenergy use
• Sustainable biomass production
• Replacement of tropical rainforest by
energy crop plantations
• Greenhouse gas emissions from
biomass producing and processing
• Social issues i.e. land rights and
labour conditions
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15. → Formation of global markets for biofuels
→ increased production of biofuels (scaling up)
→ social and environmental concerns
→ new views about impacts (direct and indirect)
• Deforestation
• Greenhouse gas emissions
• Pressure on natural resources
• Destruction of eco-systems and their services
• Competition with food production
• Social conditions in areas of biofuel production
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16. Initiatives on biofuels sustainability
(examples)
• Cramer Commission (NL)
• Round Table on Responsible Soy Association (RTRS, AR)
• Better Sugar Initiative (BR)
• Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation (RTFO, UK)
• Roundtable for sustainable biofuels (RSB, CH)
• German draft biomass sustainability regulation / ISCC (DE)
• Roundtable on sustainable Palm oil (RSPO, MY)
• INMETRO (BR)
• SEKAB / UNICA (SE, BR)
• Mozambique Govt., GTZ-ProBEC
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17. Roundtable table on sustainable biofuels
international initiative bringing together stakeholder
concerned with ensuring the sustainability of biofuels
production and processing
• Farmers and growers of biofuel feedstocks
• Industrial biofuel producers
• Retailers/blenders & the transportation industry
• Banks/investors
• Rights-based NGOs (incl land, water, human, and labour rights)
• Rural development and food security organisations
• Environment and conservation organisations
• Climate change and policy organisations
• Trade unions
• Smallholder farmer org and indigenous peoples' org/ community-based civil
society organizations
• Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), governments, standard-setters,
specialist advisory agencies, certification agencies, and consultant experts
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18. Criticism: poor developing countries as sources of:
• Cheap land (assuming plentiful availability)
• Cheap labour (therefore inexpensive to
implement measures)
• Suitable climate conditions (assuming large
water availability)
• Weak legislation and regulations (assumes
rapid decisions)
Criticism of Ian Bryceson and other researchers
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19. Biofuels and neo-colonialism
“Eco-friendly” ethanol fuel for big 4WD Volvos
and racy Saabs in Sweden that replaces
Tanzanian coastal forests with Swedish-owned
sugar plantations, that consumes huge quantities
of scarce water, that pollutes soil and coral reefs,
that violates the traditional land-rights of poor
people and threatens their food security. This is
indeed violation of human rights, or else what
should we label this?
Source: Prof. Seif Maliondo, Prof. Salim Madoffe, Dr. Faustin Maganga, Dr.
Elifuraha Mtalo, Dr. Fred Midtgaard and Prof. Ian Bryceson
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20. A number of studies address land grabbing in Africa
Kenya: Munguti (2008), Mathenge (2009)
Madagascar: Jung-a et al. (2008), Olivier (2008),
Hervieu (2009)
Mozambique: AIM (2007), IRIN (2007), Cotula(2008)
Sudan: Hazaimeh (2008), Rice (2008)
Tanzania: ABN (2007), Haki Ardhi (2008), Sulle
(2009), Madoffe et al. (2009), Benjaminsen &
Bryceson (2009), Benjaminsen et al. (2009)
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21. Land-grabbing for biofuel plantations in Africa
the concern of international organisations
• ABN (2007). Agrofuels in Africa. 36 pages.
• FAO (2008). Biofuels: prospects, risks and opportunities. 138
pages.
• GRAIN (2007). Agrofuels special issue. 60 pages.
• IFG & IPS (2007). The false promise of biofuels. 35 pages.
• IIED (2008). Fuelling exclusion? The biofuels boom and poor
people’s
access to land. 82 pages.
• IIED (2009). Land grab or development opportunity? 130 pages.
• IFPRI (2009). Land grabbing by foreign investors in developing
countries: risks and opportunities. 4 pages.
• Oxfam (2008). Another inconvenient truth: how biofuel policies
are
deepening poverty and accelerating climate change. 58 pages.
• Sida SwedBio (2009). Biofuels – potentials and challenges for
developing countries. 4 pages.
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22. ISEAL Alliance
supports credible standards and conformity
assessment by promoting credible voluntary
social and environmental certification as a policy
instrument in global trade and development.
• International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM)
• Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)
• Marine Aquarium Council (MAC)
• Marine Stewardship Council (MSC)
• SAN Rainforest Alliance (RA)
• Social Accountability International (SAI)
• Fairtrade Labelling Organisation (FLO)
revised code is expected to be launched in 2010
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23. The role of “fair trade” certification
• Guarantees minimum prices somewhat
above global market prices
• New Swedish report claims little is achieved
for farmers
• Can work in small scale in nisch markets /
difficult to apply at large scales
• Better productivity in agriculture gives
more results in alleviating poverty
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24. Sustainability criteria being put in place in the EU
• Environmental impacts along supply chains
• Greenhouse gas emissions
• Land availability and change of energy use
• Competition for resources (land, water…)
• Market competition
• Food production X biofuel production
• Impact on developing countries’ economies
Directive on sustainability related to promotion of energy use
from renewable sources (2009/28/EG)
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25. The sustainability criteria in the EU
• Rules in the directive are comprehensive and detailed
• Criteria described are rich in methods for
accountability and verification
• Shall apply to biofuels for transport and other energy
uses in the beginning
Etanol, RME, biogas for transport
Talloil, bio-oils (i.e. palm oil, rapseed oil)
• Work in progress in the member countries to put all in
place in 2010 but a lot of completion is still necessary
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26. When/why shall the criteria
of the directive be met?
1. To be counted in binding national targets
2. To be counted as renewable energy
green certificate scheme, etc
3. To receive any type of support
subsidies, tax incentives, etc
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27. Directive criteria application
• Reduction of greenhouse gases: 35% to start
• Protection of areas of high biological diversity
(forests, natural reserves, other special eco-systems)
• Protection of areas rich in carbon stocks (wetlands,
reforested areas, peat land)
• Economic agents to meet criteria (mass balance)
• External evaluation
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28. What is development?
”What has been happening to poverty?
What has been happening to unemployment?
What has been happening to inequality?
If all of these have declined,
then there has been development."
(Seers, 1977)
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29. What is sustainable development?
”a development strategy that manages all
assets, natural resources, and human
resources, as well as financial and physical
assets, for increasing long-term wealth and
well-being"
(Repetto, 1986)
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30. The gap
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31. CO2 emissions
per capita
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32. Differentiating cooperation with developing countries
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33. Clean energy incubators by country 2007
Note: Excludes China
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34. Sizing the bioenergy potential through a systems perspective
POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR BIOENERGY DEVELOPMENT
Logistics / Logistics /
infrastructure
infrastructure
DEMAND
LOCAL Distribution
POTENTIAL
Collection/processing
District cooling / heating
MARKETS
Road/railroad systems
Local
Natural conditions
Storage
Road / railroad systems
Regional
Know-how
Priorities
Industrial synergy
Ports
International
Biomass sources
Conversion
End - uses
Forest residues
technology
Biofuels for transport
Agriculture
CHP (co-generation)
Electricity
residues
Integration with other
Refrigeration
Energy crops
production systems
Heat
Waste
Biofuels for transport
Heat / cooling
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35. Summarizing: context of biofuels in EU
• Biomass is the largest renewable in EU (65-70%) but
other alternatives are growing more rapidly
• Biomass resources being considered in various
production and use chains (broad treatment of
bioenergy potential)
• Credibility and acceptance of bioenergy needs to be
restored among the general public
• EU sees bioenergy as an opportunity to restructure
agriculture policy
• corporate responsibility still to be further explored –
potential hidden due to concerns on competitiveness
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36. Summarizing: concerns on biofuels in EU
• Pushing for technological development (SET plan)
• Focus on environmental impacts in sust criteria
greenhouse gas reductions
land use change
eco-systems interference
biological invasion
• Public debate on social dimensions of expansion of
biomass utilization (dispersed)
• Social issues being dealt in certification schemes (i.e
fair trade, ISO) and various sustainability criteria
• Corporate responsibility increasing in context of
climate change and labour issues
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37. Ultimate goals to be pursued by CTBE
(related to socio-economic concerns)
 take leadership in development debate in context of bioenergy
opportunities for enhancing modern energy access
 assume key role in capacity building for realizing the bioenergy
potential in developing countries
 consider whole production chain when addressing sustainability
highlighting environmental, social and economic analysis
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38. Instruments for achieving objectives
 strong and high-qualified research with high output in the form of
international publications
 cooperation with international groups not least in other
developing countries
 development of methodologies defining criteria and parameters
with broad relevance for biomass production and use
 databases
 indicators for monitoring change and sustainability
 scenarios (beyond Brazil)
 policy analysis for active input in various international fora
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39. Obrigada pela atenção!
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