it is useful for 11th students

1. Endocrine Glands & Hormones
1.Endocrine glands lack ducts , so called ductless glands.
2. Their secretions are called Hormones – are non nutrient
chemicals that act as intercellular messengers & are
produced in trace amounts.
3.The hormones are released into blood & are transported to a
distant ly located target organ

3. Human Endocrine system
1.It consists of endocrine glands & hormones.
2 .Endocrine glands of our body are-
Pituitary
Pineal
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Thymus
Pancreas
Adrenal
Gonads- Ovary & testis
Gastrointestinal tract
Liver
Kidney
Heart

4. Sl. gland location Hormones Action
1 Hypothalamus Basal part A) 2Types of hormones produced •stimulate the
of forebrain that ant.pituitary to produce
Releasing Inhibiting –
Stimulate Inhibit Secretion
Secretion of of Pituitaty
ant.. Pituitaty Hor. Dopamine
Somatostatin
Thyrotropin-releasing ------------------ Thyrotropin stimulating
hormone (TRH) hormone (TSH)
•Gonadotropin-releasing--------------- •Follicle stimulating
hormone (GnRH) hormone (FSH)
•LH in 0+ /ICSH0↗
•Growth hormone-releasing Growth hormone
hormone (GHRH)
•Corticotropin-releasing Corticotropin
hormone (CRH) stimulating hormone
•Prolactin H (PRL) Stimulate mammary
glands to produce milk
B) Few neurons go & terminate at
at post, pituitary storing the
hormones produced at its ends.

5. Sl. gland location Hormones Action
2 PITUITARY attached to anteriorpituitary
lower part of gland
brain through thyrotropin
a stalk stimulating
hormone (tsh)
•follicle stimulating
hormone (fsh)
•lh (leutinising h)in 0+
/icsh (interstitial cell
stimulating H) in 0↗

7. Sl gland location Hormones Action
.
3 Pineal Dorsal side Melatonin Regulates 24 Hr rhythm of our
of body & in addition metabolism
forebrain ,pigmentation, menstrual cycle &
defence capability
4 Thyroid Either side •Tetraiodothyroni •Regulation of BMR ,RBC
of trachea ne /Thyroxine(T4) formation, metabolism of
•Triiodothyronine carbohydrates, protrins & fats,
(T3) Maintenance of water &
electrolyte balance
•Thyrocalcitonin •Regulates blood Calcium levels
(TCT)
5 Parathyroid 4 on back Parathyroid Increases Ca2+ levels in blood &
side of hormone (PTH) reabsorption of Ca2+ by renal
thyroid tubules & in digested food , so
known as “Hypercalcaemic
Hormone”

9. Sl gland Location Hormones Action
6 Thymus •Dorsal side of the •Thymosin •Play a role in differentiation of T-Lymphocytes
heart & the aorta in cell mediated immunity & production of
antibodies in Humoral immunity
7 Adrenal On anterior part 2 hormones-
of each kidney,has Catecholamines
2 types of tissues- (Adrenaline/epinep
hrine & •Increase alertness,pupilary dilation,
Adrenal Medulla
noradrenaline /nor piloerection, sweating, heart beat,respiratory
epinephrine) rate, stimulate breakdown of glycogen ,lipids &
(Emergency H/ H Of proteins
& flight or fight)
Adrenal Cortex-3 •Corticoids •In carbohydrate metabolism-stimulate
layers- Glucocorticoids(Cor gluconeogenesis,lipolysis& proteolysis& inhibit
Zona reticularis tisol) utilisation of aminoacids ,in
maintaining cardiovascular system & kidney
Zona fasciculata
functions , produce anti-inflamatory reactions
Zona glomerulosa ,suppresses immune response,stimulate RBC p
Production
•Mineralocorticoids Regulate water & electrolyte balance
-Aldosterone
•AndrogenicSteroid Growth of axial ,pubic & facial hair
s

10. Adrenal glands
Pancreas

11. Sl gland Location Hormones Action
8 Pancreas •Below
(2 in 1 stomach-
gland) endocrine •Stimulates conversion of glucose to glycogen
Insulin- secreted by •(glycogenesis)
part(Islet of
β cells controls the level of glucose in the blood
Langerhans)
-act on hepatocytes & adipocytes &
has 2 types of
increase cellular glucose uptake .So
cells-β cells
decreased bloodsugar-so called
α cells
Hypoglycemic Hormone
•Glucagon-secreted • hydrolyse glycogen to glucose-
by α cells ( glycogenolysis ) acts mainly on the liver
cells & stimulate glycogenolysis leading to
increased bloodsugar-so called Hyperglycemic
Hormone
•Prolonged hyperglycemia =Diabetis mellitus

12. 9 Testis In scrotal sacs- Androgens- •Regulate development ,maturation &
Has interstitial Testosterone functions of the male accessory sex organs like
cells of Leydig epididymis , vas deferens ,seminal vesicles
,prostate gl;and urethra ,etc
•Stimulate muscular growth ,growth of facial &
axillary hair,aggresiveness low pitch voice
•Stimulate spermatogenesis
•It is an anabolic hormone as it helps in
synthesising proteins & carbohydrates.
10 Ovary Abdomen has ovarian follicles
that secrete-
Estrogen •Stimulation of growth & activities of female
secondary sex organs,development of growing
ovarian follicles ,appearance of 0+ secondary
sexual characters,mammary gland
The ruptured development, 0+ sexual behavior.
ovarian follicles is
converted into
Corpus luteum that
secrete -
Progesterone Supports pregnancy & Stimulates mammary
glands to produce milk

13. Sl TIssues Location Hormones Action
10 Heart •Atrial walls •Atrial natriuretic •decreases blood pressure by dilating the
factors (ANF) blood ves sels
11 Kidney •JGA •Erytropoietin •Stimulates Erytropoiesis(formation of
RBC)
12 Alimentar •Gastroint- •Gastrin •Acts on Gastric glands & stimulate
y canal estinal Tract secretion of HCL & Pepsinogen
•Secretin • Acts on exocrine Pancreas & stimulate
secretion of water & bicarbonate ions
•Cholecystokinin(CCK) •Acts on both Pancres & gallbladder
& stimulate secretion of Pancreatic
enzymes & bile juice
•Gastric Inhibitory •Inhibits gastric secretion & motility
Peotide (GIP)
13 Other •at most •Growth Factors •Essential for normal growth of tissues &
tissues places their repair / regeneration

14. Mechanism of Hormone Action
1.Hormones produce their effect on target tissues by
binding to specific proteins called Hormone Receptors
located in the cell membrane of target tissues –
membrane bound receptors or the receptors found
inside the target cell-intracellular receptors specially
the in the nucleus forming Hormone Receptor Complex
2. These receptors are specific to hormone.
3. The complex thus formed leads to biochemical changes
in the target tissue. Target tissue metabolism & thus
physiological functions are regulated by hormones

15. 5.On the basis of the chemical nature ,
hormones are classified as
i)Peptide , polypep[tide,protein hormones(eg.
Insulin ,glucagon, pituitary H ,hypothalamic
H ,etc.)
ii)Steroids(eg. Cortisol , testosterone,
progesterone)
iii)Iodothyronines (eg,Thyroid H )
Iv)Aminoacid derivatives (eg.epinephrine)

16. 8,.There are two mechanisms of hormone action on all target cells.
9. Nonsteroid Hormones
Nonsteroid hormones (water soluble) do not enter the cell but bind to plasma membrane
receptors, generating a chemical signal (second messenger) inside the target cell. Five
different second messenger chemicals, including cyclic AMP have been identified. Second
messengers activate other intracellular chemicals to produce the target cell response.

18. 10.Steroid Hormones –
The second mechanism involves steroid hormones, which pass
through the plasma membrane and act in a two step process. Steroid
hormones bind, once inside the cell, to the nuclear membrane
receptors, producing an activated hormone-receptor complex. The
activated hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA and activates
specific genes, increasing production of proteins.
1 2.