Hydrogels are three-dimensional network of hydrophilic cross-linked polymer that do not dissolve but can swell in water or can respond to the fluctuations of the environmental stimuli
Hydrogels are highly absorbent (they can contain over 90% water) natural or synthetic polymeric networks
Hydrogels also possess a degree of flexibility very similar to natural tissue, due to their significant water content
1. Presented by – Boby Kumar
NIT Hamirpur (h.p)
Chemical engineering department
2. Content
Definition
Classification
Sodium alginate
Property of hydrogels
Environment-Sensitive Hydrogels
Advantage of hydrogels
Disadvantage of hydrogels
Application of hydrogels
Conclusion
3. Definition
Hydrogels are three-dimensional network of hydrophilic cross-linked
polymer that do not dissolve but can swell in water or can respond to the
fluctuations of the environmental stimuli
Hydrogels are highly absorbent (they can contain over 90% water) natural
or synthetic polymeric networks
Hydrogels also possess a degree of flexibility very similar to natural tissue,
due to their significant water content
Colorful
hydrogels
4. Hydrogels
both solid like and liquid like properties
high biocompatibility
Can trap large quantity of water in the network structure (“hydro”)
Shrink when dried
environmental stimuli respondent
6. Classification
On the basis of Preparation
homo-polymer
copolymer
Semi-interpenetrating network
interpenetrating network
On the basis of cross linking
Chemical hydrogels
Physical hydrogels
7. Homo-polymer
Homopolymers are referred to polymer networks derived from single species of
monomer
It is the basic structural unit and comprising of any polymer network
Homopolymers may have cross-linked skeletal structure depending on the nature
of the monomer and polymerization technique
Cross linked homopolymers are used in drug delivery system and in contact lenses
Polyetheleneglycol (PEG) based hydrogels are responsive towards external stimuli
and hence these smart hydrogels are widely used in drug delivery system
8. Co-polymeric hydrogel
Co-polymeric hydrogels are composed of two types of monomer in which at least
one is hydrophilic in nature
synthesized the biodegradable triblock poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(caprolactone)-
poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) co-polymeric hydrogel for the development of drug
delivery system
The mechanism involve here is the ring-opening copolymerization of caprolactone
(Nylon 6)
9. Semi- Inter Penetrating Network (Semi-IPN)
If one polymer is linear and penetrates another cross-linked network without any
other chemical bonds between them, it is called a semi-inter penetrating network
Semi-IPNs can more effectively preserve rapid kinetic response rates to pH or
temperature due to the absence of restricting interpenetrating elastic network
while still providing the benefits like modified pore size & slow drug release etc.
This pH sensitive semi-IPN was synthesized by co-polymerization in the presence
of N, N′-methylene bisacrylamide as a cross-linking agent
The network contained both covalent and ionic bonds
The covalent bonds retained the three-dimensional structure of hydrogel and the
ionic bonds imparted the hydrogel with higher mechanical strength and pH
responsive reversibility
10. Inter Penetrating Network (IPN)
IPNs are conventionally defined as intimate combination of two polymers, at least
one of which is synthesized or cross-linked in the immediate presence of the other
This is typically done by immersing a pre-polymerized hydrogel into a solution of
monomers and a polymerization initiator
IPN method can overcome thermodynamic incompatibility occurs due to the
permanent interlocking of network segments and limited phase separation can be
obtained
The main advantages of IPNs are relatively dense hydrogel matrices can be
produced which feature stiffer and tougher mechanical properties, controllable
physical properties and more efficient drug loading compared to other hydrogels
12. HYDROGEL FABRICATION
+
Monomer Cross linker
Vinyl group-containing water-soluble polymers
Copolymerization
Polymerization Hydrogel network
Polymerization of water soluble monomers in the presence
of bi- or multifunctional cross-linking agent
or
Chemical cross linking
13. HYDROGEL FABRICATION
Physical crosslinking
Ionic hydrogel
Chemical and Physical
crosslinking
Cross-linking without chemical
reaction
ionic interaction, hydrogen
bonding, antigen-antibody
interaction, supramolecular
association
14. Sodium alginate
One of the components of the hydrogel that will be synthesized by chemical
crosslinking
Long chain polymer – covalently bonded
Sodium ions (Na+) ionically bonded to chain
15. Properties of Hydrogels
Rs = (Ws-Wd) / Wd
Rs = swelling ratio
Ws = weight of swollen hydrogels
Wd = weight of dried hydrogels
Swelling property: hydrogels are the swollen polymeric networks,
interior of which is occupied by drug molecules, therefore, release studies
are carried out to understand the mechanism of release over a period of
application
Swelling property is influenced by:
• type and composition of monomers
• other environmental factors such as :
temperature, pH, ionic strength
• cross-linking (mechanical strength and permeability)
16. Properties of Hydrogels
Mechanical properties of hydrogels are very important for pharmaceutical
applications. For example property of maintaining its physical texture during the
application of drug delivery
Changing the degree of crosslinking has been utilized to achieve the desired
mechanical property of the hydrogel
Biocompatible properties It is important for the hydrogels to be biocompatible
and nontoxic in order to make it applicable in biomedical field
Cell culture methods, also known as cytotoxicity tests, can be used to evaluate
the toxicity of hydrogels
17. respond to environmental change
: temperature, pH, specific molecule
reversible volume phase transition or sol-gel phase
transition
“intelligent” or “smart” hydrogel
Drug-loaded
hydrogelChange in pH for
gel swelling
Drug release through
the swollen network
Drug release by the
squeezing action
Change in temperature
for gel collapse
Environment-Sensitive Hydrogels
18. Hydrogels will provide new
and improved methods of
regenerative medicine,
biotechnology, pharmacology,
and biosensors in the near
future
Hydrogels can
influence cell behavior
by mimicking the
extracellular matrix
Hydrogels can influence the
cell behavior and its
biochemical and biophysical
processes
Applications of Hydrogels
19. Hydrogels
Polymer chains that are typically
hydrophilic, usually highly absorbent
and very flexible
Hold potential in biomedical field
due to water-carrying capacity
Can hold up to 600x their weight in
water!
Can hold
many times
there weight
and flexible!
Can be used
in contact
lenses
Numerous applications
Stem Cells
Tissue Engineering
Cell Therapy
Contact Lenses
Cancer Treatment
Applications of Hydrogels
20. Applications of Hydrogels in Drug Delivery
Benefits of controlled drug delivery
• more effective therapies with reduced side effects
• the maintenance of effective drug concentration levels in the blood
• patient’s convenience as medicines hence increased patient
compliance
Hydrogels that are responsive to specific molecules, such as glucose or
antigens, can be used as biosensors as well as drug delivery systems
Sensitive hydrogels like temperature, pH sensitive, which are used for the
targeted delivery of proteins to colon, and chemotherapeutic agents to
tumors
21. Advantages of Hydrogels
Hydrogels possess a degree of flexibility very similar to natural tissue, due to their
significant water content
Entrapment of microbial cells within Hydrogel beads has the advantage of low
toxicity
Environmentally sensitive Hydrogels have the ability to sense changes of pH,
temperature, or the concentration of metabolite and release their load as result of
such a change
Timed release of growth factors and other nutrients to ensure proper tissue
growth
Hydrogels have good transport properties
Hydrogels are Biocompatible
Hydrogels can be injected
Hydrogels are easy to modify
21
22. Disadvantages of Hydrogels
Hydrogels are expensive
Hydrogels causes sensation felt by movement of the maggots
The surgical risk associated with the device implantation and retrieval
Hydrogels are non-adherent, they may need to be secured by a secondary
dressing
Hydrogels used as contact lenses causes lens deposition, hypoxia,
dehydration and red eye reactions
Hydrogels have low mechanical strength
Difficulty in handling
Difficulty in loading
23. Conclusion
Recent developments in the field of polymer science and technology has led to the
development of various stimuli sensitive hydrogels like pH, temperature sensitive
hydrogels
A new way to create hydrogels has been developed by immobilizing different
proteins at the same time
Hydrogels with novel properties will continue to play important role in drug
delivery
New synthetic methods have been used to prepare homo- and co-polymeric
hydrogels for a wide range of drugs, peptides, and protein delivery applications
Hydrogels are also used in regenerating human tissue cells
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