1. Engineering​ ​Strategies and Practice
University of Toronto
Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering
APS112 & APS113
Final Design Specification (FDS)
Project # 0115 Date April 2
Project Title Totem Pole Base Design
Client Name Steve Janes
Client Contact steve.janes@utoronto.ca
Tutorial Section 0121
Teaching Assistant Mario Badr
Project Manager Pierre Sullivan
Communication Instructor Myra Bloom
Prepared By (Names and Student #s of
Team Members)
Wenjie Zhu 1001243433
Ruihe Zhang 1001375424
Azwad­Ur­Rahman 1000592673
Yunzhe Liu 1001628367
Feiyu Ren 1001128344
Gaurav Kishore 1001241364
This Final Design Specification (the "Report") has been prepared by first­year engineering students at the
University of Toronto (the "Students") and does not present a Professional Engineering design. A Professional
Engineer has not reviewed the Report for technical accuracy or adequacy. The recommendations of the Report,
and any other oral or written communications from the Students, may not be implemented in any way unless
reviewed and approved by a licensed Professional Engineer where such review and approval is required by
professional or legal standards; it being understood that it is the responsibility of the recipient of the Report to
assess whether such a requirement exists.
The Report may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, without this Disclaimer.
Please check off which components you are submitting for your assignment:
_X_ FDS (In one Google Docs file with “Final” in the title; keep identifying parts of the title)
_X_ Cover Page
_X_ Executive summary
_X_ Project Requirements
_X_ Detailed Design
_X_ Updated Project
Plan
_X_ Conclusion
_X_ Reference List
_X_ Appendices
_X_ Gantt Chart
_X_ Turnitin Submission: Submit all sections above in one file. The Gantt Chart may be excluded from Turnitin.
If any of the above components are missing or the file is not renamed to “Final,” your assignment is considered
incomplete. It will accrue standard late penalties until completed. Attribution table must be submitted in hard copy
in tutorial of the assignment deadline. An incomplete or missing attribution table will result in zero on the
assignment.
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2. Engineering​ ​Strategies and Practice
Executive Summary
Mr. Steve Janes, foreman of the Sprinkler Group within Fire Prevention at the University
of Toronto has requested a design that can support his totem pole in an upright position.
The requested design is to follow a set of criterias that will be outlined throughout the
document. The problem statement, defining the core need of the client, defines the
client’s need as a mechanism to maintain the the totem pole in an upright position.
The project requirements define the scope of the project and describe the problem at a
low level. The project requirements are divided into several sections: stakeholders,
functions, objectives, constraints, service environment, and client ethics and values.
Stakeholders are groups with interest in the project and are identified as: material
supply companies, insurance companies and workplace safety committees, the
aboriginal community, and future buyers. In short, their interests, respectively, reside in
construction or pollution, post­construction waste, damage to the totem pole and its
future value.
Functions, objectives, and constraints are the core of the project and specify what the
design will fulfil. Functions, describe the main purpose of the design. The primary
function is to hold the totem pole upright. Objectives act as criteria to judge designs.
The main objectives include being resistant to temperature and wind as well as having a
durable lifespan. Constraints describe what the design must follow. The constraints of
this project relate to laws and standards.
The service environment is where the design will operate and is a description of the
client’s property and a concrete base laying underground.
Through the client ethics analysis, it is concluded that the design shall be implemented
primarily by the client and that the pole may be permanently modified for design
purposes.
The “Hollow Section Support System” was chosen as the final design, and an
explanation of the design including how it meets requirements and is assembled was
created. Next, detailed regulations that pertain to the project and testing methods are
included to expand on and strengthen the design. Additionally, implementation
requirements highlighting steps to take to assemble the design are given, as well as a
life cycle assessment in order to detail the design from production to decommission.
Finally, human factors, social impacts, and economics are detailed in order to give a
more broad effect analysis of the design.
A brief project management plan has been created to highlight the presentation date
where the final design shall be presented to the client.
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3. Engineering​ ​Strategies and Practice
1.0. Project Requirements
Mr. Steve Janes, the foreman of the Sprinkler Group within Fire Prevention at the
University of Toronto, owns a totem pole to be placed on his property. The client
requires a design to set the totem pole upright again. Several aspects are considered in
this section, for example, basic force analysis, weather and temperature, stakeholders’
interests, client’s values and ethics.
1.1. Problem statement
Totem poles, usually 3 to 18 meters in height [1] are traditionally carved with different
features by a craftsman into a red cedar tree [2]. The client is in possession of a totem
pole crafted into a tree on his property. Previously, the totem pole was supported by the
tree’s roots with no external support. [3] However, due to suspected rot at the base, the
client cut the totem pole down and removed the base. As of now, based on information
provided by Steve Janes, the totem pole is 30 feet long with base diameter of 21 inches
and a top cross­section diameter of 16 inches.
The client is in need of a mechanism to support the totem pole upright. Based on client
requirements: this mechanism should not be much higher than 12 feet, to avoid
interference with the pole’s structure and surface patterns. In addition, the design must
be safe to operate and use. A concrete base is available for use which has been set
underground by the client.
1.2. Identification of Stakeholders
This section will introduce several stakeholders related to the project and outline their
interests and impacts on the project by the table below.
Table 1. Stakeholders, interest and their impacts on the FOCs
Stakeholders Interest Impact on the FOC
Material supply companies
(i.e. Construction
Distribution & Supply
(CDS) Co Inc, ABC Supply
Co. Inc) [4][5]
● Balance financial
interest with
customers’ budget
[6]
● Ensure quality of
products [7]
Objective:
● Cost­effective and
within budget
Insurance Company and
Workplace Safety
Committee (i.e. Sun Life
Financial, Health and
Safety Committees and
Representatives) [8][9]
● Safety issues and
potential hazards of
design [10]
Constraint:
● Safe to use
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4. Engineering​ ​Strategies and Practice
Aboriginal people (e.g.
Northwest Aboriginal
People, Kwakiutl) and
cultural organizations (e.g.
Aboriginal Curatorial
Collective ) [11][12][13]
● Protecting
aboriginal culture
[14]
● Prevent defacement
of totem pole
[12][13]
Objective:
● Minimize damage to
the pole’s surface
pattern
Artists and Future buyers
(i.e ROM Museum [15])
● Preservation of the
totem pole,
minimizing damage
● Future value of
totem pole [16]
Objective:
● Minimize damage to
the pole’s surface
pattern
1.3. Functions
This section illustrates what the design must do.
1.3.1. Functional Basis
● Support the mass
1.3.2. Primary Functions
The design must:
● Hold the totem pole upright
1.3.3. Secondary Functions
Enable the primary function:
● Connect totem pole with support system
● Stand firmly on support surface
● Support concentrated weight of totem pole
1.4. Objectives
This section illustrates what the design should be as criteria to meet.
● Resistant to outdoor temperatures
○ Keeps totem pole upright in temperatures ranging from ­40°C to 40°C [17]
● Resistant to wind gusts
○ Prevents toppling due to gusts up to 135 km/h, based on historical wind
speeds [17]
○ For recent years’ wind speed, see Appendix A
● Durable
○ Support system’s life span should be about 40 years [18]
● Cost effective and within budget
○ Total design cost should be within $10,000 (according to client budget)
● Be around 12 feet in height as per client’s request
● Minimize damage to totem pole’s surface pattern
○ Acceptable damage is defined by the client subjectively
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1.5. Constraints
This section illustrates criteria that the design must follow.
● Meet property standards and municipal codes set by the City of Pickering [19][20]
● Abide by Ontario’s​ Environmental Protection Act​ [21]
● Obey the ​Occupational Health and Safety Act​ and ​Workplace Safety and
Insurance Act​ [22][23]
1.6. Service Environment
This section will introduce the design’s operating environment, including an explanation
of the physical, living and virtual environments by the table below.
Table 2. Service Environment
Physical
Environment
Location:
Client’s house (108 Twyn Rivers Drive)
● Pole is to be set up between house and garage with 5 feet
gap on either side of the pole. (See Figure 1 and Figure 2)
● Garage is 12 feet tall
● Ground underneath is mainly composed of topsoil
● 5 cubic yard concrete base located underneath pole’s setup
location
● See Figure 3 for totem pole overview
Weather and Climate:
● Temperature ranges from ­35.2°C to 37.8°C. [24] (see
Appendix B for detailed weather data)
● Highest daily rainfall on record is 80mm. [24]
● Humid climate due to proximity to Lake Ontario
● Wind speed ranging from 10 km/hr to 105 km/hr. (see
Appendix A: Wind Speed)
Living
Environment
● Residential area (design must be safe to operate)
● Design may be damaged by insects or microbes
● Carpenter bees that could damage wood, indicated by client
Virtual
Environment
● Access to cellular signals and electricity
● Some mechanical equipment available for use [23][25][26]
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6. Engineering​ ​Strategies and Practice
Figure 1. Location of the Totem Pole (SketchUp)
Figure 2. Overview of the Totem Pole (SketchUp)
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7. Engineering​ ​Strategies and Practice
1.7. Client Ethics and Values
The client holds beliefs and ideals that may affect certain parts of the design process.
The client is expecting to execute a large portion of the design implementation himself,
leading to reductions in labour cost and requiring the design to not require extensive
work for implementation. Furthermore, the client does not have a cultural bond with the
totem pole, and rather considers it a decorative item. Because of this, the totem pole
can be permanently modified (e.g. sections of the totem pole can be removed) within
reasonable limits.
2.0. Detailed Design
The “Hollow Section Support System” design uses a rectangular hollow section beam
as a support to the whole totem pole. The beam is inserted into the back of the totem
pole and is secured into the concrete base to provide a strong support. The beam is
attached to the totem pole using hex lag screws. First, a rectangular hollow section is
cut out from the back of the totem pole using an electric circular saw. Then, users are
asked to drill holes on both beam and totem pole. After that, the beam is installed into
the hollow section and secured with two columns of hex lag screws. A hole is then
drilled out of the underground concrete base. Afterwards, it is filled with concrete. Finally
the steel beam is inserted into the concrete base using a crane, effectively connecting
the base and the totem pole. When the concrete is totally dry and tough, the crane is
removed and the support system is complete.
Through a heat and force calculation (Appendix C), two major facts become apparent:
1) Temperature differences will cause insignificant thermal expansion. As a result, it
is negligible in the design. The section removed from the totem pole can be cut to
size to fit the beam precisely.
2) The max wind speed (with a safety factor applied) will not topple the totem pole
when anchored to the concrete base with the support system, proving that the
design is safe from a theoretical standpoint.
These details will be expanded upon in later sections.
2.0.1. Meeting Client’s Need and Objectives
The client needs a design to hold the totem pole upright. The “Hollow Section Support
System” achieves this by connecting the totem pole with the support system, standing
firmly on support surface, and supporting the concentrated weight of the totem pole.
The table below describes how the design meets objectives.
Table 3. How Design Meets Objectives
Objective How it is met
1) Temperature resistant Resistant to temperature as both the highest
temperature and lowest temperature expand or contract
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8. Engineering​ ​Strategies and Practice
the length of beam at 0.0088m and ­0.0026m
respectively (See Appendix C) . This expansion/
contraction is negligible.
2) Wind resistant Based on calculations, the system can withstand a
maximum wind force of 13.4kN. However, maximum
wind load force provided by 135 km/hr wind is only 8kN
(See Appendix C). Thus, the design is wind resistant.
3) Durable The life span of the beam is almost 80 years [27]
4) Cost effective Low material costs (cost works out to significantly less
than the proposed budget, more details in 2.7.
Economics).
5) Around 12 feet in height The height of the rectangular hollow section and
above­ground beam is 12 feet high.
6) Minimized modification The replacement of C­brackets with lag bolts minimizes
the size of the removed section of the totem pole.
2.0.2. Design For X (DFX)
The following table outlines different criteria and factors that the project was designed
around.
Table 4. DFX
X How Design Fulfils X
Safety
To ensure that the totem pole will not fall down after it is
set up, decisions had to be made about how the beam
will be connected to the base. The consensus was to
insert the beam into the concrete base after drilling a
hole into the base. Additionally, the beam would be
inserted 4’ deep into the base to lower the center of
gravity of the totem pole in order to increase its
resistance to wind load. (See Appendix C)
Durability The beam and screws were selected to be made of
stainless steel. Stainless steel has a lifespan of about
80 years [27] and a negligible linear expansion
coefficient for thermal expansion (0.000012 m/m​o​
C)
(See Appendix C), so it allows the design to work well
outdoors for a long amount of time.
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9. Engineering​ ​Strategies and Practice
Assembly
To ease implementation, the assembly process is
simplified. Originally, a larger section was to be
removed from the back of the totem pole and secured
with C­brackets. However, with the concern of operation
difficulty in terms of drilling, this section was resized to
be a rectangular section of the same dimensions as the
beam.
In addition, the number of different materials and
components was kept low to reduce assembly difficulty.
2.0.3. Material Requirements
Components:
● Rectangular hollow section beam [28]
○ 6” x 4” x ⅜”
○ 16 ft long
○ Steel; ASTM A513, ASTM A500 grade B
● 22x Hex lag screws [29]
○ ½” diameter, 10” length
○ Galvanized finish
○ Head diameter of ¾”
● 3x 50lb. Fast­Setting Concrete Mix [30]
○ Sets hard in 20­40 minutes
○ Exceeds ASTM C387 requirements
○ Each bag produces about 0.375 cu. ft. of concrete
Equipment:
● Crane
● Electric circular saw
● Drill (able to drill external hex screw­heads)
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2.0.4 . Diagrams:
Figure 3.1. Perspective View
This figure is a perspective view of the support system. A hollow beam is attached to
the back of the pole with a 2 x 11 screw pattern connecting them.
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11. Engineering​ ​Strategies and Practice
Figure 3.2. Screw Layout
This figure shows a detailed layout of the screws in the beam, with measurements to be
used during assembly.
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12. Engineering​ ​Strategies and Practice
Figure 3.3. Overview
This figure is an overview of the totem pole and its support. The beam is 12 feet above
the ground and 4 feet under the ground.
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13. Engineering​ ​Strategies and Practice
2.1. Regulations, Standards, and Intellectual Property
This table outlines standards and regulations that are relevant in the implementation of
this design. Because this design is produced using components that are purchased
through a retailer, patents and other intellectual property rights are the responsibility of
the retailer/ supplier.
Table 5. Applicable Standards and Regulations
Standard or Regulation Description Effect on Design
Accessory Building &
Structures ­ City of
Pickering Zoning By­Laws
[31]
● applies to structures
taller than 1.8m in
height
● requires structure to
be at least 1.0m
from neighbouring
property lines
● totem pole must be
set up at required
distances
● location of concrete
base ensures that
the placement
follows by­laws
Occupational Health and
Safety Act 150 ­ 156​ [22]
● crane operators are
required to be
licensed under the
Ontario College of
Trades and
Apprenticeship Act
● crane service
purchased by the
client is required to
abide by these
regulations
2.2. Testing
The following table summarizes tests to evaluate the design. These tests are to be
performed by a professional engineer in order to test the given objectives.
Table 6. Testing Methods for Objectives
Objectives to be tested Testing method Notes
Resistance to
temperature
ASTM E831 ­ 14
Standard Test Method for
Linear Thermal Expansion
of Solid Materials by
Thermomechanical
Analysis [32]
● Determines thermal
expansion
parameter of the
material used
● Would be applied to
central beam to see
if whole system
complies with
expansion
Resistance to wind ASCE/SEI 49­12
● Scale model would
be placed in a wind
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14. Engineering​ ​Strategies and Practice
Wind Tunnel Testing for
Buildings and Other
Structures [33]
tunnel to measure
actual load due to
certain wind speeds
● Determine if system
is structurally sound
under wind load
Durability ISO 13823:2008
A verification of the
durability of structure
subject to know the
environmental actions on
the structure [34]
● Determine the
lifespan of the
design
● Mathematical
modelling will be
used to predict
material
deterioration and
failure [34]
2.3. Implementation Requirements
This section explain requirements and procedures to implement the totem pole base.
Materials to be purchased are as follows:
● One Rectangular hollow section beam (6” x 4” x ⅜”) measuring 16 ft long (price:
$737.81 after shipping) [28]
● Twenty­two ½” x 10” galvanized hex lag screw (price: $4.67 each) [29]
● Three 50lb. Fast­Setting Concrete Mix (price: $4.98 each) [30]
● A crane service is also required, however the client has a previous contact for
this service.
To implement the design, these steps are to be followed:
1. Go to local hardware shop to purchase a 16 ft rectangular hollow section beam
and twenty ½” x 10” hex lag screw.
Or purchase these components online and ship to 108 Twyn Rivers Drive.
2. Purchase 150 lb concrete in local hardware shop.
Or purchase it online and ship to 108 Twyn Rivers Drive.
3. Disassemble the packaging before implementation.
4. Wear safety goggles and gloves before implementation.
5. Use electric circular saw to cut a 12’ high, 4” wide and 6” deep rectangular
section. Remove the section by removing 1” thick strips at a time.
6. Insert the beam into the removed section of the totem pole. Insert two screws
connecting the beam and totem pole so that each screw is placed 0.75” from the
top and 1” from either side of the beam. This ensures about 1.25” between the
centers of the screws. (See Figure 4.2)
7. Continue to insert pairs of screws spaced identically but placed 14.25” below the
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15. Engineering​ ​Strategies and Practice
previous set of screws (measured centre to centre) until there are 11 pairs of
screws. (See Figure 4.2) When drilling, be careful not to fracture the wood since
it is dry and dead.
8. Drill a hole into the concrete base measuring 5” by 7” and 4’ deep. (Slightly larger
than the beam dimensions). (See Figure 4.3)
9. Fill 3/4 of the hole with dry mix, soak with water.
10.Use a crane to lift the totem pole from the top then gently lower it so that the
beam is inserted into the hole of the concrete base.
11.Hold the crane in place until the cement sets and dries for about an hour.
2.4. Life Cycle and Environmental Impact
This section discusses the environmental impact of the design during its service life
span. Based on a life cycle assessment diagram (Appendix F), the proposed design has
the following aspects of influence on the environment:
Operation:
● Input:
Transportation:
○ Gasoline: transportation vehicle
○ Packaging material: protecting beams and screws
○ Human power: transporting goods and disassembling packaging
Assemble Supporting System:
○ Electricity: electric saw
○ Human labour: assembling, drilling, cutting
○ Cement & aggregate, water and air: preparing concrete
○ Beam & screw: setting up supporting system
● Output:
○ CO​2​, NO​2​: burning of fossil fuels
○ Noise: drilling and cutting process
○ Solid waste: packaging material waste, waste wood, waste steel, waste
cement
○ Dust: concrete preparation process, cutting of wood
Upstream:
Raw materials extraction from the beginning:
● Beam & screws[35]:
○ Plain carbon steel
○ High­quality carbon steel
○ Low alloy steel
● Concrete [36]:
○ Cement (11%)
○ Water (16%) & air (6%),,
○ Sand (26%) and small crushed stone (41%)
● Gasoline:
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16. Engineering​ ​Strategies and Practice
○ fossil fuel
Downstream:
Decommission process of supporting system:
● Input:
○ Human power: transportation, disassembly
○ Electricity: transportation, waste classification
○ Gasoline: transportation
○ Heat: incineration of wastes
○ Sand and soil: landfilling
● Output:
○ Recyclable and non­recycle materials
○ Heat
○ CO​2​, NO​2
○ Dust
Despite these impacts the negative impacts of the design can be offset through the
following measures:
● Steel components can be re­used or recycled
● Minimum use of construction equipment reduces greenhouse gas emissions
● Removed section of totem pole can be used as firewood or chipped down to be
used as fertilizer or mulch
2.5. Human Factors
This section introduces how the design caters to human factor requirements in physical
and psychological aspects in a table.
Table 7. Human Factors
Human Factor How it is addressed
Physical Screws’ hole pattern:
● Drill screws in locations convenient for workers
● The locations will not be too close to the sides of the
rectangular beam as that will be difficult to drill (See
Appendix G)
● Follow the “salient body­part hypothesis” stated in ​Human
Factor​ [37].
Marked hole pattern in advance:
● Clearly mark the patterns of hole on the beam before
implementation such as drilling.
● Fit for human physiology stated by ​Human Factor​ [38]:
workers can drill holes in accurate position even if they only
quickly look through instructions.
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17. Engineering​ ​Strategies and Practice
Psychological Paint screws and screw nuts in advance:
● Paint matching screws and screw nuts with the same colour
before implementation.
● Feedback from ​Human Factor​: once two components have
the same colour, workers can immediately tell that they are in
pair [39].
● Intuitive to differentiate pairs of screws and nuts.
Clear Instruction of Implementation Requirement
● Intuitive and concise, numbered in order.
● Easy to follow the instruction to set up different components.
● Thus, workers can not follow several complicated instructions
at the same time. They may lose track and make mistakes.
[37]
Other Because it is a personal project, team, organizational, and political
human factors are insignificant
2.6. Social Impact
This section illustrates the social impacts the design will have on stakeholders.
Material supply companies and insurance companies are the most impacted
stakeholders for this project. Material supply companies will have their reputation
increased as the design, assembled from their materials, will support the totem pole
very well. Local residents will trust their material quality, thus increasing demand and
revenue. Insurance companies may lose profit due to worker injuries during
implementation, therefore safety standards should be increased to reduce the risk of
accidents. Additionally, the Aboriginal community will have general approval to the
results of the project as the totem pole is not damaged extensively and can be
preserved and displayed more effectively than before.
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18. Engineering​ ​Strategies and Practice
2.7. Economics
This section outlines the costs associated with the project, including costs to the client
and to society. The table organizes different types of costs and timeframes.
Table 8. Economic Costs
Capital Cost Operating Cost External Cost
Design and
implementation
Materials:
● Steel beam:
$737.81 after
shipping ​[28]
● Screws:
22 * $4.67 =
$102.74 ​[29]
● Concrete:
3 * $4.98 =
$14.94 ​[30]
Labor:
● Crane rental
Tools:
● Electric
circular saw
● Drill
Pollution:
● Noise
pollution
● Air pollution
from heavy
machinery
During use Maintenance:
● Replacemen
t screws
● Antirust
paint
Disposal ​[40] Solid waste
● Debris of
metallic
materials*
● Debris from
removed
wood*
● Metallic waste
will be
negligible and
can be
disposed in
regular
garbage
● Assuming a
density of 1
kg/m​3 ​
[41], and
a rate of
$0.0725/kg
[40] of waste,
the cost for
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19. Engineering​ ​Strategies and Practice
wood waste
removal will be
$4.00
Total Capital
Cost
$859.49
*​See Appendix H:​ “​Fees for garbage disposal” for detailed rates of waste disposal
3.0. Updated Project Management Plan
As the project comes to a close, there are less major milestones of concern to the client.
The main milestone to be noted is the final presentation date and location:
● April 2nd​: Completion of Final Design Specifications document
● April 22nd​: Final Presentation in BA1220 (Bahen Centre for Information
Technology)
Further details will be sent to the client towards the presentation date.
An updated Gantt Chart is included in Appendix J.
4.0. Conclusion
After consulting with the client about the proposed design and based on the client’s
opinion the “Hollow Section Support System” as the final design. In this design a
rectangular steel beam is used to connect the totem pole and concrete base to form a
support system for the totem pole. The design fulfils the client’s need of holding the
totem pole upright and also meets the main objectives of being wind resistant,
temperature resistant, and durable mainly by the choice of material being stainless
steel. The design excels at cost effectiveness, costing significantly less than the client’s
proposed budget. Finally, the design removes a minimal amount of material from the
totem pole for design purposes, maintaining its integrity and aesthetics. The design’s
simplicity is also a major advantage, requiring simple components that can be
purchased with ease and being assembled with the use of simpler construction
equipment. Following this document, a final presentation will be made to the client to
explain the design and the client will be prepared to implement the support system for
the totem pole.
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20. Engineering​ ​Strategies and Practice
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df
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10.Government of Canada, (October 2013). ​Prevention​. [Online]. Aavilable:
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11.RENÉ, R. G​. (15th March 2007). ​Totem Pole​ [Online]. Available:
http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/totem­pole/
12.Alchin, L. (June 2014). ​Totemism ​[Online]. Available:
http://www.warpaths2peacepipes.com/native­american­culture/totemism.htm
13.Haekel, J (2015). ​Totemism ​[Online]. Available:
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/600496/totemism
14.Baerg, J. (2006). ​More than a Curator’s Artist, an Exhibition Review​ [Online].
Available:​http://www.aboriginalcuratorialcollective.org/wordpress/archived­article
s/brian­jungen­more­than­a­curators­artist­an­exhibition­review­by­jason­baerg/
15.O’Grady, E. (1982).​ Two small girls and two tall totem poles​ [Online]. Available:
http://www.rom.on.ca/en/rom­recollects/stories/two­small­girls­and­two­tall­totem­
poles
16.Todd,A. (November, 1994). Painted Memory, Painted Totems [Online]. Available:
http://andrewtoddconservators.com/about­us/painted­memory­painted­totems/
17. Statistics​ [Online]. Available:
http://www.theweathernetwork.com/forecasts/statistics/summary/cl615hmak
18. ​Fresh from California, Restoration Job, Victoria Carver says city totem need
repair ​[Online].
19

21. Engineering​ ​Strategies and Practice
Available:http://www.timescolonist.com/entertainment/fresh­from­california­restor
ation­job­victoria­carver­says­city­totems­need­repair­1.308840
19.Property standards​[Online]. Available:
.​http://www1.toronto.ca/wps/portal/contentonly?vgnextoid=14103e4e87131410Vg
nVCM10000071d60f89RCRD
20.Property standards and clean yards​[Online]. Available: ​http://www.
pickering.ca/en/living/propertystandardscleanyards.asp
21.Environment protection act​ [Online]. Available:
http://www.e­laws.gov.on.ca/html/regs/english/elaws_regs_070222_e.htm
22.Ontario.ca (November, 2014).​Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1990.
[Online]. Available:
http://www.e­laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_90o01_e.htm
23.Ontario.ca (2014). ​Workplace Safety and Insurance Act ,1997.​ [Online].
Available:
http://www.e­laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_97w16_e.htm
24.Toronto historical wind speed ​[Online]. Available:
http://toronto.weatherstats.ca/metrics/wind_speed.html
25.Power Outage Map ​[Online]. Available: ​http://veridian.on.ca/outages/
26.Canada Cell Coverage Map​ [Online]. Available:
http://opensignal.com/coverage­maps/Canada/
27.Life Expectancy of Building Components​ [Online].
Available:​http://www.costmodelling.com/downloads/BuildingComponentLifeExpe
ctancy.pdf
28.Steel Rectangle tube​ [Online]. Available:
http://www.metalsdepot.com/products/hrsteel2.phtml?page=rttube&LimAcc=%20
&aident=
29.1/2 in. x 10 in. Galvanized Hex Lag Screw​ [Online]. Available:
http://www.homedepot.com/p/Crown­Bolt­1­2­in­x­10­in­Galvanized­Hex­Lag­Scr
ew­804016/204645663?N=5yc1vZc2ha
30.50 lb. Fast­Setting Concrete Mix​ [Online]. Available:
http://www.homedepot.com/p/Quikrete­50­lb­Fast­Setting­Concrete­Mix­100450/
100318521
31.Accessory Buildings & Structures ​[Online]. Available:
https://www.pickering.ca/en/living/accessorybuildings.asp
32.Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials by
Thermomechanical Analysis​, ASTM E831 ­ 14, 2014
33.Wind Tunnel Testing for Buildings and Other Structures​, ASCE/SEI 49­12, 2012
34.General Principles on the Design of the Structure for Durability​, ISO 13823:2008
­ December, 2012.
35.China Iron & Steel Research Institute Group. (2012). ​H­beam production line
[Online]. Available:
http://www.cisri.com/english/tabid/558/SourceId/1494/InfoID/5614/language/zh­C
N/Default.aspx
36.
37.K. Vicente, “The Human Body: A Mechanical Lathe for Midget Extraterrestrials,”
20

22. Engineering​ ​Strategies and Practice
in ​Human Factor​, Vintage Canada, Ed. Toronto, 2004, pp. 69­70.
38.K. Vicente, “Human Bodily Functions: The Fly in the Urinal,” in ​Human Factor​,
Vintage Canada, Ed. Toronto, 2004, pp. 84­86.
39.K. Vicente, “The Power of Feedback: Zip­Lock Bags,” in ​Human Factor​, Vintage
Canada, Ed. Toronto, 2004, pp. 101­102.
40.Garbage&Recycling​ [Online].Available
http://www1.toronto.ca/wps/portal/contentonly?vgnextoid=672d433112b02410Vg
nVCM10000071d60f89RCRD
41.Wood Densities ​[Online]. Available:
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/wood­density­d_40.html
42.The Engineering Toolbox. (2014). ​Thermal Expansion­­­Linear​ [Online].
Available:
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/linear­thermal­expansion­d_1379.html
43.The Engineering Toolbox. (2014). ​Wind Load​ [Online]. Available:
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/wind­load­d_1775.html
44.C. Kluzek. (March 2008). ​Wind Loading Analysis​ [Online]. Available:
http://atmo.tamu.edu/yellowcabtower/index_files/WindLoadAnalysis.pdf
45.M. Hallowell. (Oct. 2012).​ At­rest, active, and passive earth pressure​[Online].
Available:​https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RC6­LJphzW4
46.R.L.Michalowski. (Nov. 2005). ​Coefficient of Earth Pressure at Rest​ [Online].
Available:
http://www­personal.umich.edu/~rlmich/index_files/references/Michalowski%20K
o%20paper%202005.pdf
47.Geothchnicalinfo.com. (2012). ​Unit Weight of Soil​ [Online]. Available:
http://www.geotechnicalinfo.com/soil_unit_weight.html
48.The Engineering Toolbox. (2014). ​Moment of Inertia​ [Online]. Available:
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/moment­inertia­torque­d_913.html
49.Cascade Carving. (2014). ​Totem poles​ [Online]. Available:
http://www.chainsawcarving.net/totem_poles.htm
50.The Engineering Toolbox. (2014). ​Wood Densities​ [Online]. Available:
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/wood­density­d_40.html
51.The Engineering Toolbox. (2014). ​Metal and Alloys ­ Densities​ [Online].
Available: ​http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/metal­alloys­densities­d_50.html
21

23. Engineering​ ​Strategies and Practice
Appendices
Appendix A: Wind Speeds over the last 5 years for Toronto ​[24]
Appendix B: Climate and weather data table
Climate and weather [17]
Temperature
(°C)
Precipitation
(mm)
Wind speed
(km/hr)
Snow Depth
(cm)
Highest 37.8 80 80 70
Lowest ­35.2 N/A 10 0
Appendix C: Heat and Force Calculation
Thermal expansion​ [42]:
● L0 (initial length) = 3.67m (12 ft)
● α (linear expansion coefficient (m/m​o​
C)) = 0.000012 (m/m​o​
C)
● t​normal​ (initial temperature (​o​
C)) = 20​o​
C
● t​low​ (lowest temperature (​o​
C)) = ­40 ​o​
C
● t​high​ (highest temperature (​o​
C)) = 40 ​o​
C
● ΔL​low​ = L​0 ​* α * (t​low ​­ t​normal​)
= (3.67m) (0.000012 m/m​o​
C) ((­40 ​o​
C) ­ (20 ​o​
C))
= ­0.0026m
● ΔL​high​ = L​0​ * α * (t​high ​­ t​normal​)
= (3.67m) (0.000012 m/m​o​
C) ((40 ​o​
C) ­ (20 ​o​
C))
= 0.0088m
Conclusion: Thermal expansion is insignificant.
22

24. Engineering​ ​Strategies and Practice
Wind load ​[43]:
● Wind speed: 135 km/h (about 38m/s)
● Corresponding wind load: 1.24 kN/m​2​
(See Appendix D)
● Safety factor [44]: 3.53
● Actual wind load = wind speed x safety factor
= 1.24kN/m​2​
x 3.53
= 4.38 kN/m​2
● Corresponding wind force (F1) = wind load x Area
= 4.38 x 1.8m​2
= 8 kN
Conclusion: The maximum wind load is 4.38kN/m​2​
. And the maximum wind force
is about 8kN.
Lateral Earth Pressure and Force:
1. lateral earth pressure:
1) lateral earth pressure (σ​x​) = rHK​0​
​
[45][46]
2) unit weight for silt (r) = 136 lb/ft​3​
= 2179 kg/m3 [47]
3) Depth (H) = 36 inches = 0.9114m
4) Assume internal friction angle = 20 degree
5) K​0​ = 1­sinΦ = 1­sin(45) = 0.658
6) σ​x ​= 2179 x 0.9114 x 0.658= 1.32 kN/m​2
2.Lateral earth force:
1) Force (F​2​)= σ​x​ x A
2) A = 36 inches x 60 inches
= 0.9114m x 1.524m
= 1.389 m​2
3) F​2​ = 1.31 x 1.389 = 1.82 kN
Conclusion: The lateral earth pressure provided by the underground soil is about
1.32kN/m​2​
, and it can provide a 1.82kN force to prevent rotation.
Mass moment of Inertia about fixed point at ground:
1. mass moment of inertia of the totem pole [48]:
1) mass(m​1​) = 3000 pounds = 1361 kg
2) radius(r) = 12 inches = 0.305m
3) Height (h) = 30 ft = 9.14m
4) I​G1​ = (½) x m​1​ x r​2
= (½) x 1361 x 0.305​2
= 63.3 kg•m​2
5) I​C1 ​= I​G1​ + md​2
= 63.3 + 1361 x (9.14/2)​2
= 28488 kg•m​2
23

25. Engineering​ ​Strategies and Practice
2. mass moment of the rectangular hollow section:
1) density (ρ​1​) = 380 kg/m​3 ​
for red cedar [49][50]
2) cross area (A) = 0.11m x 0.16m = 0.0176 m​2
3) length (L) = 12 ft = 3.6576m
4) I​C2​ = ­∫​M​ r​2​
dm
= ­(⅓) x ρ​1​ x A x L​3
= ­(⅓) x 380 x 0.0176 x 3.6576​3
= ­109 kg•m​2
3. mass moment of the beam about ground (See Appendix E):
1) density of steel (ρ​2​) = 8050 kg/m​3 ​
[51]
2) Outer cross area (A​1​) = 0.1m x 0.15m =0.015m​2
3) Inner cross area (A​2​) = (0.1m ­ 2 x 0.01m) x (0.15m ­ 2 x 0.01m)=0.0104m​2
4) length (L) = 12 ft = 3.6576m
5) I​outer​ = ∫​M​ r​2​
dm
= (⅓) x ρ​2​ x A​1​ x L​3
= (⅓) x 8050 x 0.015 x 3.6576​3
= 1969 kg•m​2
6) I​inner​ = ­∫​M​ r​2​
dm
= ­(⅓) x ρ​2​ x A​2​ x L​3
= ­(⅓) x 8050 x 0.0104 x 3.6576​3
= ­1365.2 kg•m​2
7) I​C3​ = I​outer​ + I​inner
=1969 kg•m​2​
+ (­1365.2 kg•m​2​
)
=603.82 kg•m​2
4. Total mass moment of Inertia about fixed point at ground:
1) I​total​ = I​C1​ + I​C2​ + I​C3
= 28488 kg•m​2​
+ (­109 kg•m​2​
) + 603.82 kg•m​2
= 28983 kg•m​2
Conclusion: The total mass moment of inertia of the system about the
underground fixed concrete base is about 28983 kg•m​2​
. Compared to the totem
pole itself, the supporting system’s influence on the mass of inertia is relatively
small.
Critical force to cause totem pole to tilt:
Because the initial angular velocity(⍵​0​) is zero, based on ⍵ = ⍵​0​ + αt, once the totem
pole gets an angular acceleration(α), it will begin to rotate. In this case, that means the
totem pole begins to fall or tilt.
1) Suppose α = 1 rad/s​2
2) I​total ​= 28983 kg•m​2
3) ΣM​O​ = I​O​α
= I​total​ x α
24

26. Engineering​ ​Strategies and Practice
= 28983 x1
= 28983 N•m
= 28.98kN•m
4) By estimation, the wind force should acting at near ¼ of the height from the
ground since the totem pole is connect a concrete base underground, the center
of gravity will move down, to some extent.
F​max​d​1​ ­ F​2​d​2​=ΣM​O
5) d​1​≃(height/2)= (9.14m/4) = 2.29m
d​2​=36 inches = 0.9114m
Lateral earth force(F​2​) = 1.82kN
6) F​max​ = ((ΣM​O​)+F​2​d​2​)/d​1
= 28.98+1.82 x 0.9114/2.29
= 13.4kN
Conclusion: The force needed to give the totem pole 1 rad/s​2​
angular acceleration
will be 13.4kN, acting on the center of gravity. That means any force less than that
will not provide a significant angular acceleration. From the above calculation, we
know the maximum wind load force is about 8kN, acting on the center of gravity,
will not blow the totem pole down.
Appendix D: Wind Load Table [43]
Figure 5. Wind Load Table
25

27. Engineering​ ​Strategies and Practice
Appendix E: Dimensions of rectangular hollow section beam
Figure 6. Beam Dimension
26

28. Engineering​ ​Strategies and Practice
Appendix F: Life Cycle Diagram
Figure 7. Life Cycle Diagram
27

29. Engineering​ ​Strategies and Practice
Appendix G: Hole Pattern on Rectangular Hollow Beam (non­human­factor)
Figure 8. Ineffective Screw Pattern
Appendix H: Fees for garbage disposal
Standard Rates ​[40]
Garbage
$103.00 per metric tonne
● Up to 97.1 kilograms ­ $10.00 flat fee
● 97.2 kilograms and over ­ $1.00 per 9.71 kilograms or a fraction thereof
(e.g. 125 kilograms of garbage will cost $13.00)
Blue Bin items, scrap metal, yard waste, etc.
$77.25 per metric tonne
● Up to 20 kilograms ­ Free
● Over 20 kilograms* ­ will be charged at $77.25 per 1000 kgs or a fraction
28

30. Engineering​ ​Strategies and Practice
thereof rounded to the nearest dollar (i.e., 250 kgs = $19.25 billed at
$19.00 or 750 kgs = $57.75 billed at $58.00)
* Payment is based on entire load, not on the amount over 20 kilograms.
Household hazardous waste and electronics
Free drop­off. Since there is no charge, your vehicle does not need to be
weighed.
Axle rates
Exceptions
● In the event that a weigh scale is not in service, the charge shall be based on
the vehicle axle.
● Drivers will be informed at the time of arrival to the weigh scales and will be
given the option to dispose and pay or leave without disposal. Alternate site
locations will be provided to the driver if they wish to dump at another City
location where normal vehicle weighing is available.
Vehicle Type Estimated
Weight
(kgs)
fee is based
on
Waste
Loads
@
$103 /
tonne
Recyclab
le Loads
@
$77.25 /
tonne
Tire
Loads
@
$154.50 /
tonne
Single Axle up to
7500 kg. GVW
1000 $103.0
0
$77.25 $154.50
Single Axle over
7500 kg. GVW
3000 $309.0
0
$231.75 $463.50
Single Axle
Dump Truck
3000 $309.0
0
$231.75 $463.50
Single Axle
Roll­off
4000 $412.0
0
$309.00 $618.00
29

31. Engineering​ ​Strategies and Practice
Single Axle
Compactor
4000 $412.0
0
$309.00 $618.00
Double Axle
Roll­off
5000 $515.0
0
$386.25 $772.50
Double Axle
Compactor
8000 $824.0
0
$618.00 $1236.00
Double Axle
Dump Truck
12000 $1236.
00
$927.00 $1854.00
Double Axle
Tractor­Trailer
15000 $1545.
00
$1158.75 $2317.50
Triple Axle
Roll­off
8000 $824.0
0
$618.00 $1236.00
Triple Axle & 75
Cubic Yard
8000 $824.0
0
$618.00 $1236.00
Tractor ­ Trailer 10000 $1030.
00
$772.50 $1545.00
Triple Axle
Compactor
10000 $1030.
00
$772.50 $1545.00
Triple Axle Dump
Truck
16000 $1648.
00
$1236.00 $2472.00
30

32. Engineering​ ​Strategies and Practice
Appendix I: Dimensions
Figure 9.1. Dimensions of the totem pole
31

33. Engineering​ ​Strategies and Practice
Figure 9.2. Dimensions of the concrete base
32

34. Engineering​ ​Strategies and Practice
Appendix J: Gantt Chart
Figure 10. Gantt Chart
33