Discussing the pros and cons of fresh sample collections versus museum collections for DNA barcoding.

1. Pros and Cons of Collecting Specimens for Barcoding vs. Sampling Existing Collections Sarah Adamowicz, Assistant Professor Biodiversity Institute of Ontario & Dept. Integrative Biology University of Guelph

2. 1- Scientific perspective 2- Logistical issues 3- Financial considerations Museum Specimens vs. Fresh Specimens

3. Scientific Perspective: What Is Your Goal? 1. Barcode campaigns: generating the library 2. Targeted taxonomic questions 3. Environmental barcoding & biomonitoring 4. Other applications: e.g. bio-surveillance, food safety, marketplace fraud, invasive species 5. Site or regional biodiversity surveys 6. Ecological questions 7. Evolutionary questions 8. ????

5. Collections are a rich source of identified specimens

6. Region-focused campaigns

7. Churchill Northern Studies Centre Barcoding the Biota of Churchill, Manitoba, Canada Sub Arctic Low Arctic High Arctic

8. Comprehensive Habitat Coverage Terrestrial Nearshore Marine Freshwater

9. Field Course Students Contribute to Survey

11. Red = Historical Blue = Shared Black = Contemporary Microgastrinae wasps collected in either 2005-2007 or between 1930 and 1960 at Churchill Fernandez Triana & Smith et al (2011) PLoS ONE 6(8): e23719

12. Ecological Questions Regarding Biological Associations

14. Museum specimens can yield shorter sequences

15. Barcode information analysis Meusnier et al. 2008 Full-length barcode 95-97% resolution Mini-barcode zone 91-95% resolution

16. Barcode vs. Mini-Barcode Barcode (650 bp) Mini-barcode (130 bp) Specimen success by age >90% 5-10 years >90% Up to 200 years Species resolution >95% 91-95% Technology Sanger (ABI) Sanger (ABI) NextGen (i.e. 454) Applicability Barcode library Routine barcoding Museum samples Environmental barcoding

17. 150 years old and key to a taxonomic puzzle

19. Canadian Centre for DNA Barcoding: http://www.dnabarcoding.ca/

20. 3- Financial Considerations

21. Tradeoff: Capacity/Cost vs Complexity Relative cost per sample Complexity Cost of laboratory analysis Capacity (limited by total available staff hours to complete editing of processed samples) - Evgeny Zakharov, Director of Laboratory Operations, Canadian Centre for DNA Barcoding Fresh (12 steps/sample) Mix (18 steps/sample) Museum (24 steps/sample)

22. Fresh vs Museum Pros/Cons √√ √ Negative Score Positive Score √√√ *"easy" samples to work with, but risk of oversampling, thus meaning new biodiversity rich areas are to be targeted where no sampling was done before. - Evgeny Zakharov Metric Malaise* Fresh/Recent Museum/Old Procurement cost √√√ √ √ √ √ Cost of laboratory analysis √√√√ √√√ √√√ Speed (processing time) √√√√ √√√ √√√ Sequence quality √√√√ √√√ √√ Data quality (species IDs) √√√ √√ √√√ Contamination Risk √√ √√ √√√ Capacity Utilization √√√ √√√ √√√ Taxonomic diversity √√ √ √ √√√ Cost of voucher curation and sample prep √ √√√ √√ Barcode standard compliance √√√ √√√ √√

23. Fresh vs Museum Pros/Cons √√ √ Negative Score Positive Score √√√ *"easy" samples to work with, but risk of oversampling, thus meaning new biodiversity rich areas are to be targeted where no sampling was done before. - Evgeny Zakharov Metric Malaise* Fresh/Recent Museum/Old Procurement cost √√√ √ √ √ √ Cost of laboratory analysis √√√√ √√√ √√√ Speed (processing time) √√√√ √√√ √√√ Sequence quality √√√√ √√√ √√ Data quality (species IDs) √√√ √√ √√√ Contamination Risk √√ √√ √√√ Capacity Utilization √√√ √√√ √√√ Taxonomic diversity √√ √ √ √√√ Cost of voucher curation and sample prep √ √√√ √√ Barcode standard compliance √√√ √√√ √√

24. To Collect or Not To Collect?