The use of sensory ethnography to gain new understandings of visitor emotional experiences and practices at National Trust sites and their implications for future research & management.
Aims:
investigate the meaning places have for people and how people engage with places
open up new approaches to examining peoples’ engagement with landscapes and places through sensory ethnography
communicate the above in a meaningful way that enables the NT to evaluate the possibility of implementing the findings and the methods.
Using Sensory Ethnography to Understand Visitor Experiences
1. Gillian Cope – The University
of the West of England
The use of sensory ethnography
to gain new understandings of
visitor emotional experiences and
practices at National Trust sites
and their implications for future
research & management
3. Aims
• investigate the meaning places
have for people and how people
engage with places
• open up new approaches to
examining peoples’ engagement
with landscapes and places
through sensory ethnography
• communicate the above in a
meaningful way that enables the
NT to evaluate the possibility of
implementing the findings and the
methods.
5. Methods
-
Audience:
-
-
Visitors, staff and volunteers (34 in depth interviews)
Methods:
-
-
-
Participant observation, semi-structured interviews (recorded
and transcribed), fieldnotes, photography
Video used for PO, ‘walking with video’ (Pink, 2007), video diary
(Simpson,2010)
The real world messiness reflects the intersubjective
truth (Cook and Crang, 2007)
6. What did these methods enable
me to capture?
a rich, detailed record of encounter capturing nuanced interactions,
rather than a remembered experience
Walking with video - enabled a more involved approach to the how place
and identities are constituted, enables participants to define and represent
their own embodied experiences.
place-making process, after Casey (1996) used by Pink, where your body
moves through time and space, encounters things and people and by
doing so experiences and senses these things.
Video diary interview - gives the opportunity to allow a participant to
express themselves without you, the interviewer, being an influencing force
but still enables you to hear and see everything they did.
9. How did I analyse?
Manual review of transcripts, video,
photography
Identified themes
Mind maps to identify relationships within
themes
Further Nvivo analysis
11. Advantages
this is collaborative and observational - multi
methodological approach.
enables the ‘voice’ of the research subjects to be
heard
articulates hard to capture affects, beyond the voice
not simply mirroring but the means through which it
is constructed, understood and acted out.
intimate context in which to produce knowledge
recognises ambivalence and inconsistency as real
12. Caveats
Self reflexivity and interpretation
We, as researchers, affect the social
world we study (Hammersley and
Atkinson, 1983)
Investigate context
Sample size
My PhD looks at new understandings of visitor experiences and practices at National Trust sites and their implications for future NT research and management.
Today I will be talking about the use of sensory ethnography to gain these new insights into visitor experiences and practices.
I want to start by briefly outlining the aims of my project.
So the first one is the over arching aim and it’s about investigating the meaning places have for people by examining how they engage with places.
And I will achieve this by CLICK looking at new ways of examining people’s engagement with sites by looking at peoples practice in these places, through their sensory engagement, as well as their emotional engagement. I will use a suite of research methods to achieve this which I will expand on later.
My final aim CLICK is to then communicate these new methods and findings to the Trust which involves and on going engagement and dialogue.
Hidcote - an Arts and Crafts garden in the north Cotswolds, designed in the 1920s by American horticulturist, Major Lawrence Johnston and features outdoor ‘rooms’
Dyrham - 17th century mansion, deer park and garden near Bath
Woodchester park - wooded valley contains a 'lost landscape' with remains of an 18th- and 19th-century landscape park with a chain of five lakes in Gloucestershire.
Lacock - Abbey, photography museum and village also near Bath
Chosen in conjunction with the Trust because they were different from one another in terms of types of sites and visitor numbers. They were within about a 60 mile radius of where I live.
I made multiple visits to each of the four sites; in the beginning to familiarise myself with the site - their physical layout, how people were using them, and to establish a relationship with the staff and volunteers at the sites before actually carrying more detailed research.
I also piloted my methods at different sites.
The use of video was particularly effective - I used it both as ‘walking with video’ style where I shadowed and recorded the site visit of an elderly participant.
and also the video diary method where I simply gave the camera to a participant and they went off by themselves around the site. I was able to validate this second method with a follow up interview that I did immediately after the participant’s video diary at the site.
These methods were about taking a collaborative, reflexive approach to gain an empathetic understanding of participants and at the same time to represent the embodied nature of people’s experiences and practices of, place. These methods were intended to identify and understand how people engage with place - what they did, what they felt, what they were thinking - when they are at the site.
Real world messiness -
BENEFITS:
By jointly going through the video, and by walking with the participant filming, I was able to ask questions around why they recorded what they did – in this way get some self reflexiveness but also the diary becomes a kind of performance and the interview a reperformance. It’s another layer of place making.
Temporality
“There is a significant distinction to be made here between the video facilitating the reflection on and examination of these contingent affective relations as a further form of documentation, but not as necessarily constituting the actual presentation of these.”
Simpson (2011)
Analysis was not a discrete process - iterative process where ongoing analysis informed interview questions
identified themes during interviews and during transcription of interviews and watching/editing video
Mind maps – to see connection between themes
The narrative that participants impart during the research process is, therefore, not simply a way of mirroring what goes on in the world – walking with video reflects this
People experience the world at multiple points, times and places – as researchers we have to understand this
Ambivalence and inconsistency – subjective as with even objective findings
While ethnographic research methods give access to the rich, on-going creation of place through practice but it should be acknowleged that by observing people’s behaviour we derive hypothesis from our own cultural knowledge to describe and explain their actions.
Context – investigate the context in which actions occur, possible meanings from the culture for surrounding or other apparently relevant actions.
Sample size - I didn’t want to gain access to selective groups or a sheer number of participants but rather I was interested in the quality and positionality of the information that was offered.
Bendix (Pink) “the most profound type of knowledge which is not spoken at all and thus inaccessible to ethnographic observation or interview”
It’s about creating and representing knowledge based on ethnographers own experiences