Broadband Communications systems 2015 (B.E. E & TC) table of contents. Download Full PDF containing First Three Units of BCS subject from www.chinttanpublications.in

1. Contents i
UNIT I: Light wave System Components
[1-1 to 1-32]
1.1 INTRODUCTION [1-1]
1.1.1 Electromagnetic spectrum and optical spectral bands [1-10]
1.1.2 Key elements of fiber optic communication systems [1-10]
1.1.3 Comparison of optical fiber communication and other communication systems [1-12]
1.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC MODE THEORY FOR OPTICAL PROPAGATION [1-12]
1.2.1 Phase and group velocity [1-12]
1.2.2 Cut off wavelength and group delay [1-14]
1.2.3 Propagation modes and modes in the fiber [1-15]
1.2.3.1 Mode coupling (mode transfer) in fiber [1-21]
1.2.3.2 Modal Noise [1-21]
1.3 FIBER TYPES [1-23]
1.4 COMPARISON TABLES [1-27]
Solved Examples [1-28]
Drill Problems [1-29]
Review Questions [1-30]
[2-1 to 2-23]
2.1 ATTENUATION OR SIGNAL DEGRADATION IN OPTICAL FIBER [2-1]
2.1.1 Absorption [2-2]
2.1.2 Rayleigh scattering [2-3]
2.1.3 Radiative losses [2-4]
2.1.4 Scattering losses [2-5]
2.1.4.1 Raman scattering or the Raman Effect [2-8]
2.1.4.2 Brillouin scattering [2-9]
2.1.5 Attenuation or loss characteristics for all glass optical fiber [2-9]
2.2 SIGNAL DISTORTION OR DISPERSION IN OPTICAL FIBERS [2-11]
2.2.1 Intermodal dispersion [2-14]
2.2.2 Intramodal dispersion or chromatic dispersion [2-17]
2.3 COMPARISON TABLES [2-18]
Review Questions [2-20]
[3-1 to 3-55]

2. ii Broadband Communication Systems
3.1 INTRODUCTION TO OPTICAL SOURCES [3-1]
3.2 LEDS STRUCTURES [3-2]
3.2.1 PN junction light emitting diode (Homo-junction LED) [3-3]
3.2.2 Double hetero structure LED sources [3-5]
3.2.3 Surface emitting LED (SLED) [3-6]
3.2.4 Edge-emitting LED [3-7]
3.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF LED DEVICES [3-8]
3.3.1 LED power versus forward current [3-8]
3.3.2 LED spectral width [3-10]
3.3.3 Output spectrum [3-10]
3.3.4 Internal Quantum efficiency [3-10]
3.3.5 External power efficiency [3-11]
3.3.6 Fresnel reflection and transmission coefficients [3-11]
3.3.7 Bandwidth and beamwidth [3-12]
3.3.8 3-dB bandwidths [3-12]
3.3.9 Modulation bandwidth [3-12]
3.3.10 Electrical bandwidth [3-13]
3.3.11 Optical bandwidth [3-13]
3.4 LED DRIVE CIRCUITS [3-14]
3.4.1 Digital transmission [3-14]
3.4.2 Analog transmission [3-15]
3.5 LASERs [3-16]
3.5.1 Fundamental lasing operation [3-17]
3.5.2 Stimulated emission [3-17]
3.5.3 Multimode LASER output spectrum center wavelength [3-19]
3.5.4 Threshold condition for lasing [3-19]
3.5.5 Single mode operation [3-21]
3.5.6 Types of LASERs [3-21]
3.6 SEMICONDUCTOR LASER [3-24]
3.6.1 Threshold current density for semiconductor lasers [3-26]
3.6.2 DFB (Distributed Feedback) Lasers [3-27]
3.6.3 Performance comparison of DFB and DBR [3-28]
3.6.4 Gain guided lasers [3-29]
3.6.5 Index guided lasers [3-30]
3.6.6 Quantum well lasers [3-30]
3.6.7 Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSEL) [3-31]
3.6.8 LASER Characteristics [3-34]

3. Contents iii
3.6.8.1 Threshold current temperature dependence [3-35]
3.6.8.2 Dynamic response [3-36]
3.6.8.3 Frequency chirp [3-36]
3.6.8.4 Mode hopping [3-36]
3.6.8.5 Reliability [3-37]
3.6.9 Laser drive circuits [3-37]
3.7 MODULATION OF OPTICAL SOURCES [3-38]
3.7.1 Types of optical modulation [3-39]
3.7.2 Line coding [3-40]
3.7.3 Most popular line codes [3-41]
3.7.4 Properties of line codes [3-42]
3.7.5 Applications of Line codes for LAN (Local Area Network) [3-42]
3.7.6 Block codes [3-44]
3.8 POWER LAUNCHING AND COUPLING [3-44]
3.8.1 Lensing schemes for coupling improvements [3-46]
3.8.1.1 GaAs/AlGaAs spherical ended fiber coupled LED [3-46]
3.8.1.2 A truncated spherical micro lens [3-47]
3.8.1.3 Integral lens structure [3-47]
3.8.2 LASER diode to fiber coupling [3-48]
3.8.3 Equilibrium NA [3-49]
3.8.4 Coupling efficiency of source and fiber [3-49]
3.9 COMPARISON TABLES [3-49]
Review Questions [3-51]
[4-1 to 4-28]
4.1 INTRODUCTION [4-1]
4.2 OPTICAL DETECTORS [4-2]
4.2.1 Optical communication bands [4-4]
4.2.2 Characteristics of photodetectors [4-4]
4.3 PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBES (PMT) [4-6]
4.3.1 Working of PMT [4-7]
4.4 SEMICONDUCTOR PHOTODETECTORS [4-10]
4.4.1 The PIN diode [4-11]
4.4.2 Avalanche Photodiode (APD) [4-12]
4.4.3 Reach through diode (RAPD) [4-14]
4.4.4 III-V alloys photodiodes (SAM-APD) [4-18]

4. iv Broadband Communication Systems
4.4.5 Selection and design criteria for photodetection [4-18]
4.4.6 Relative advantages and disadvantages of photodiodes [4-19]
4.5 PHOTO TRANSISTORS [4-20]
4.5.1 Phototransistor structure [4-20]
4.5.2 Phototransistor characteristics [4-21]
4.5.3 Characteristics of photo-transistor under different light intensities [4-22]
4.5.4 Modes of operation of phototransistor [4-22]
4.6 OTHER PHOTODETECTION SCHEMES (METHODS) [4-23]
4.6.1 Photovoltaic effect [4-23]
4.6.2 Photo resistive effect [4-24]
4.7 STATE OF ART: PHOTODETECTORS [4-24]
4.8 COMPARISON TABLES [4-25]
Review Questions [4-26]
UNIT II: Lightwave Systems
[5-1 to 5-33]
5.0 INTRODUCTION TO OPTICAL SYSTEM ARCHITECTURES [5-1]
5.1 POINT TO POINT OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION LINKS [5-4]
5.1.1 General design considerations in point-to-point optical link [5-4]
5.1.2 Choices of components in point-to-point optical fiber link design [5-4]
5.1.3 Simplex point-to-point optical link [5-5]
5.1.4 Power loss model for point-to-point fiber optic link [5-6]
5.2 OPTICAL LINK POWER BUDGET [5-7]
5.2.1 Optical source selection criteria for power budget and rise time budget [5-8]
5.2.2 Optical detector selection criteria for power budget and rise time budget [5-9]
5.2.3 Power penalty in link power budget [5-11]
5.2.4 Sources of power penalty [5-12]
5.2.5 Optical link power budget examples [5-13]
5.3 RISE TIME BUDGET [5-19]
5.4 LONG-HAUL SYSTEMS [5-22]
5.5 COMPARISON TABLE [5-24]
Solved Examples [5-25]
Drill Problems [5-29]
Review Questions [5-32]

5. Contents v
UNIT III: Multichannel Systems
[6-1 to 6-86]
6.1 INTRODUCTION TO WDM [6-1]
6.1.1 Fiber bandwidth considerations [6-2]
6.2 WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (WDM) [6-2]
6.2.1 Operation of simple WDM systems [6-3]
6.2.1.1 Demultiplexing of WDM channel [6-4]
6.2.1.2 Tasks in a WDM Network [6-4]
6.2.1.3 Typical specifications of WDM [6-5]
6.2.1.4 Design parameters of WDM systems [6-5]
6.2.1.5 Parameters to be considered for WDM system design [6-5]
6.2.2 Examples of WDM [6-6]
6.2.3 Types of WDM [6-6]
6.2.3.1 Coarse Wave Division Multiplexing (CWDM) [6-8]
6.2.3.2 Dense Wave Division Multiplexing (DWDM) [6-9]
6.2.3.3 Comparison of WDM, CWDM and DWDM [6-11]
6.2.4 WDM or DWDM Standards [6-12]
6.2.4.1 O and L band in optical domain [6-13]
6.2.4.2 ITU-T standard for transmission of DWDM [6-13]
6.2.5 Key components for WDM systems [6-14]
6.2.5.1 Tunable DBR Laser [6-15]
6.2.5.2 Tunable optical filter [6-16]
6.2.5.3 Dielectric thin film filter [6-17]
6.2.5.4 Optical ADD/DROP multiplexer (ADM) [6-17]
6.2.5.5 Optical cross connect (OXC) [6-18]
6.2.5.6 Optical gateway [6-18]
6.2.5.7 Variable optical attenuator (VOA) [6-18]
6.3 FIBER OPTIC COUPLERS [6-20]
6.3.1 Important characteristics of fiber optic coupler [6-21]
6.3.2 Classification of coupler [6-22]
6.3.3 Basic star coupler [6-23]
6.3.4 Fused star coupler or 2 2 coupler [6-23]
6.3.4.1 Tap coupler [6-26]
6.3.4.2 Ladder coupler or tree coupler [6-29]

6. vi Broadband Communication Systems
6.3.5 Diffusion couplers [6-29]
6.3.5.1 Evanescent (short-lived or temporary) wave coupler [6-30]
6.3.5.2 Radiative coupler or fused biconical taper coupler [6-30]
6.3.6 Area-splitting coupler [6-31]
6.3.7 Beam-splitter coupler [6-32]
6.3.8 Wavelength-selective coupler [6-32]
6.3.9 Variable coupler [6-33]
6.3.10 Circulators [6-33]
6.3.10.1 Three port circulator [6-33]
6.3.10.2 Four port circulator [6-34]
6.3.10.3 Circulators with FBG (an extended ADD/DROP multiplexer) [6-34]
6.3.11 Grating [6-35]
6.3.11.1 Grating profiles [6-36]
6.3.11.2 Characteristics of In-fiber Bragg grating [6-36]
6.3.11.3 Basic parameters of the grating [6-37]
6.3.11.4 Types of gratings according to multiplexing and demultiplexing requirements [6-37]
6.3.11.5 Applications of In-fiber Bragg grating [6-38]
6.3.12 Isolator [6-38]
6.3.12.1 Faraday Effect [6-39]
6.3.12.2 Simple Isolator [6-39]
6.3.12.3 Polarisation independent isolator [6-40]
6.3.13 Splitter [6-41]
6.3.13.1 Beam splitter [6-41]
6.3.13.2 Active beam splitter or Y junction switch or Y junction beam splitter [6-41]
6.3.14 Wavelength converter [6-42]
6.3.14.1 Amplitude gain crosstalk in SOAs [6-43]
6.3.14.2 Cross-phase modulation in SOAs [6-43]
6.3.14.3 Four-Wave Mixing (FWM) in SOAs [6-44]
6.3.14.4 Difference Frequency Generation (DFG) [6-44]
6.3.14.5 Frequency shifting with acousto-optic modulators [6-44]
6.3.14.6 Optoelectronic regenerator [6-44]
6.3.15 Wavelength Router [6-45]
6.3.15.1 Wavelength router design using an AWG demultiplexer [6-45]
6.3.16 Passive linear bus [6-47]
6.3.17 WDM architectures [6-48]
6.3.18 Wavelength shifting and wavelength reuse [6-51]
6.3.18.1 Passive wavelength routing [6-51]

7. Contents vii
6.3.18.2 Active wavelength shifting [6-52]
6.3.18.3 Switching [6-53]
6.3.18.4 Buffering in optical switching [6-53]
6.3.19 Data-format conversion methods [6-53]
6.3.20 Protocols for optical networks [6-53]
6.3.21 Modes and response in WDM or DWDM [6-54]
6.3.22 Popular multiplexing methods [6-55]
6.3.22.1 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) [6-55]
6.3.22.2 Subcarrier Multiplexing (SCM) [6-56]
6.3.22.3 Code-division multiplexing (CDM) [6-56]
6.3.22.4 Space-division multiplexing (SDM) [6-57]
6.3.23 Multiple access schemes [6-57]
6.3.24 State of art: WDM components [6-58]
6.4 OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS [6-58]
6.4.1 Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA) [6-61]
6.4.1.1 Simple SOAs [6-61]
6.4.1.2 Travelling wave amplifier (TWA or TWSLA) [6-62]
6.4.2 Gain saturation power of SOA [6-64]
6.4.2.1 Gain profiles of various SOAs [6-64]
6.4.2.2 Measurement of optical amplifier gain using optical spectrum analyzer [6-65]
6.4.3 Gain and bandwidth calculations of FPA and SOA [6-65]
6.4.4 Optical amplifier noise [6-66]
6.4.5 Advantages and disadvantages of SOA [6-68]
6.4.6 Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFA) [6-69]
6.4.6.1 EDFA designs [6-69]
6.4.6.2 Gain in EDFA [6-71]
6.4.6.3 EDFA power conversion efficiency and gain [6-71]
6.4.6.4 Comparison between doped fiber and conventional repeater [6-72]
6.4.7 Raman Fiber amplifiers (RFAs) [6-72]
6.5 SWITCHES AND MODULATORS [6-73]
6.5.1 Modulator based on Mach Zehnder interferometer [6-74]
6.5.2 Photonic switching [6-75]
6.5.2.1 Properties of photonic switching [6-75]
6.5.2.2 Characteristics of photonic switching [6-75]
6.5.2.3 Types of photonic switches [6-75]
Solved Examples [6-76]
Drill Problems [6-77]

8. viii Broadband Communication Systems
Review Questions [6-77]
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