This document summarizes a study exploring participatory prospective analysis (PPA), a collaborative, scenario-based approach for analyzing and anticipating the consequences of tenure reform implementation in Indonesia. The study was conducted in two sites in Lampung and Maluku provinces. Through a PPA process involving stakeholders, the study identified key drivers of tenure security, developed future scenarios, and created action plans. At both sites, scenarios and action plans focused on improving governance, recognizing customary rights, increasing regional budgets, and empowering communities. The national recommendations from the study address improving coordination, developing forest management units and policies, establishing local regulations, and increasing community development programs.

1. EXPLORING PARTICIPATORY PROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS: A
COLLABORATIVE, SCENARIO-BASED APPROACH FOR ANALYZING
AND ANTICIPATING THE CONSEQUENCES OF TENURE REFORM
IMPLEMENTATION
Author:
Nining Liswanti, Esther Mwangi, Tuti Herawati, Mani Ram Banjade
Session:
04-02: Approaches to Securing Common Land in Different Regions
21/Mar/2017, 4:00pm - 5:30pm
in room: MC 13-121

2. OUTLINE
• Introduction
• Key Issues
• Objectives
• Research Sites
• Output PPA (Process, Implementation,
Action Plan)
• Reccomendations

3. INTRODUCTION
 50-70 million indigenous population in large part of Indonesia
 Large part under concession  Conflict between communities and private companies
and government
 In 2014, new government allocating 12.7 million hectares of state-owned forestry
land under community management

4. INTRODUCTION
COLLABORATION
 Collaboration, dialog and consensus building among stakeholders is important
in addressing complex issues on public policy
 The collaborative approaches to public decision making is increased in
Indonesia
 Visible at national level but less visible at sub-national and community levels
CUSTOMARY vs FORMAL SYSTEM
 Constitutional Court Ruling decision in 2012 (MK’35) but not fully recognized in
forestry Law in1999, e.g. customary forest rights can be obtained through
MoEF decree
 The Law 1999 introduced Social Forestry scheme providing community access
rights to utilize the forest through HKm, HD, HTR, and Partnership

5. KEY ISSUES ON REFORM IMPLEMENTATION
• Long customary system practices
• Limited coordination and participation among stakeholders
• Lack of involvement and the role of various agencies at local, provincial and
national levels
• Overlapping claims between communities, companies and government that
create negative implications on how rights can be exercised and affect to
tenure security of communities
Participatory Prospective Analysis (PPA), a foresight approach used as an entry
point for engaging stakeholders to ensure local voices are accommodated and
to learn how various stakeholders perceived community rights and tenure
security over land and forestry.

6. OBJECTIVES
• Identify the drivers of tenure security and options for
securing tenure rights
• Future scenarios in securing forest and land tenure
including threats to tenure security
• Develop an action plan for obtaining tenure security
through reform implementation, levels at which such
actions can be taken, actors responsible for actions and
sequencing of those actions in the tenure reform
implementation

7. RESEARCH SITES
Tenure system Province District Reform Type Villages
State land designated to /
Use by communities Lampung
Lampung
Barat
HKM
Tribudi Sukur,
Sukapura,
Puramekar
Pesisir
Barat
HTR Gunung Kemala
KDTI Pahmongan
State land used by private
companies
Way Kanan Partnership
Karya Agung, Bandar
Dalam
Unrecognized customary
lands - respected
Maluku West Seram Customary
Kamariang, Hunitetu,
Mornaten, Uwen,
Lokki
Tenure system and reform
type on two sites of PPA
study in Indonesia

8. PROCESS PPA
Identification
Stakeholders & SC
Experts meeting
Public
consultation
 Desirable scenario
 Action plan
Agreed vision
Implementation
Participatory monitoring
and evaluation
Source: COLUPSIA 2013
Literature study (biophysics, socio
economy, governance, etc.)
Training PPA
District workshop
Province workshop

9. IMPLEMENTATION PPA
What output
and What next?
Who are the
stakeholders?
What topic and
Where?
 Maluku: PPA 1 (Nov’15), PPA 2 (Des’15), PPA 3 (Jan’16)
 Lampung: PPA 1 (Nov’15), PPA 2 (Feb’16)
 Key forces of change: 8 in Maluku and 6 in Lampung
 Scenarios: 5 in Maluku and Lampung
 Public consultation PPA at sub-national and national level
 Scenario agreement on future tenure security
 Integrated action plan to sub-national and national
program
When and How?
What will be the future of forest tenure security in Maluku in 2029?
How will be the future of Forest Tenure Reform in Lampung in
2025?
Maluku (19): Communities/farmer group (1), Local government
(12), University (2), NGO 2, Private company (1)
Lampung (19): Farmer group (1), Local government (12),
University (1), NG) (1), Forum HKm (1), State Owned Enterprise
(1), Practitioner (2)

10. DRIVERS TENURE SECURITY
Similarities:
 policy/government:
regional governance and local regulations are important in Maluku and regulations
on SF schemes is important in Lampung
 regional budget and financial resources
 community/customary tenure rights: customary system used for long time in
managing the customary forest. In formal system, the community rights is
important for securing their forest.
 Economic options: created by communities and/or by other actors (e.g. tourism
potential)
Differences:
 Maluku: 1) Strengthening the rights and voice of indigenous women; 2) Land
conversion and spatial planning; 3) Knowledge and awareness and community
empowerment.
 Lampung: 1) Human resources capacities of implementing agents; 2) The clarity of
stakeholder roles including community awareness.

11. COLLABORATION -
DESIRED
EMPOWERED
WOMEN
GOVERNMENT
AUTHORITY
COMMUNITY
DEPENDENCY
COMPANY
AUTHORITY
Scenario 2: The desirable
forest tenure security.
Revolves around good land
and resource governance
issues, such as transparency,
accountability, cooperation
and coordination. It is also
emphasizing the recognition
of customary rights, and
acknowledges the
importance of allocating
funds for forest tenure
reform implementation.
Scenario 1: Empowered
Indigenous women.
The empowerment and
promotion of indigenous
communities, focusing on
women, by recognizing their
customary tenure system
and strengthening and
supporting it to perform its
tenure functions of
resource allocation and
guaranteeing rights in a fair,
inclusive and effective way.
Scenario 4: Gloomy sun shine at
noon.
Revolves around a powerful
government that does not
prioritize reform
implementation, does not
allocate budgets for reform
implementation, has no clear
spatial planning and land
allocation, ignores the
customary community, has full,
exclusive control over forests
and is generally ineffective in
implementing reforms.
Scenario 5: Lost sovereignty.
The community dependency
to the government, the
community lose the
opportunity for managing the
forest due to change of policy
and nomenclature; insufficient
budget allocation;
government control the
forests including customary
territory; applied government
policy for community
empowerment; complex
policy and regulation.
Scenario 3: The storm that
never ended
This scenario involves the
empowerment of the private
sector to lead reform
implementation. Forests are
controlled by the state but
used for business. Indigenous
groups (including women) are
not recognized and there is
need to establish local
regulations for the certain
groups.
COLLABORATION CONFLICT COMMUNITY AUTHORITY
FMU - DESIRED FMU AUTHORITY
Scenario 1: Striving to Tenure
Security for better hope.
focused on implementing the SF
program by involving all relevant
stakeholders. The key themes
include policy stability,
continued rights to forest
communities, multiple actors
support implementation,
adequate budget allocation,
improved capacities of
implementers and support for
community-based enterprises
Scenario 3: No Access for
Community.
focuses on restricted rights
to communities, conflict
escalation, economic
interests being more
important than
environmental concerns,
increasing conversion of
forests to agriculture and
low capacity in government
for tenure reform
implementation.
Scenario 5: Uncontrolled Forest
Tenure Reform.
based on full ownership right to
communities who have total
authority and decision making over
forests. The main themes include full
community control over forest
resources, increased pressure on
forest resources, inadequate
budgets and poor human resource
capacities, lack of resource
sustainability and sectoral silos.
Scenario 2: FMU facing
globalization.
Focuses on the FMU as
the main locus for
implementing SF
programs. Key themes
include: budgetary
support, community
empowerment and
stakeholder
commitment.
Scenario 4: FMU take over
community right.
Focuses on a strong,
functional FMU. The key
themes are the termination
of community rights,
adequate budgets allocated
to KPH, full authority of the
FUM over forest
management and conflict.
MALUKULAMPUNG
SCENARIOS: SIMILARITY AND DIFFERENCES

12. FROM SCENARIO TO ACTION
Agreed vision
• Preferred scenario
• Proposed action plan
• Strategy Implementation
 Sub-national public consultation
involving 17 communities,
government, NGO, University,
private sectors, farmer group,
practitioners (83 people; 24
women and 59 men)
 Feedback from SC (forestry
agencies)
 National public consultation
involving MoEF, NGO,
University, practitioner (27
people = 12 women and 15
men)
to
Recommendations
• Priority action plan from
national and sub-national
• Key issues addressing
constraints reforms
implementation

13. SUB-NATIONAL ACTION PLAN
Governance and SF policy:
• Establishing FMU, Develop WG, Raising awareness on existing SF
regulation, Avocation at province level
• Improve community forestry policy, Organizing face-to-face
deliberation with MoEF, Integration of development program
with other sectors
Regional budgetary support:
• Integrating SF at regional level, Maintaining eagle wood for
communities, Open easier access to the forest with village funds
• Supporting Governor Regulation for conservation, Propose
adequate budget for forest development program
Community/customary inst. and rights:
• Establish local regulations, village regulations, Increased capacity
for village officer
• Enhance community rights by disseminating SF law and program,
Increase coordination among various sectors
Revise land allocation and
district spatial planning
Enhance FMU
by establishing FMU with
independent financial
organization and capacity
building for FMU’s staff
Knowledge, awareness, and community
empowerment:
• Create a champion of forest extension personnel to develop
management and working plan
• Awareness SF and regulation at the community level; Capacity
building for businesses or entrepreneurship
Strengthening indigenous
women:
Involving of indigenous women in
forest reform implementation and
strengthening program for women
Enhancing local economy
• Economy creative created by community group
• Potential for tourist attraction by integrated with SF,
collaboration with related agency and providing infrastructure
Establish Local regulation
Similarities: Differences:
Maluku Lampung

14. NATIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS – ADDRESSING ACTION PLAN
Governance and policy related to SF:
• Improve coordination, partnership and permit process for SF
• Develop FMU and SF policy
Customary institution and rights:
• Establishing local regulation for community and used as an initial basis for the
recognition of customary communities and for proposing customary forests
Regional budgetary support:
• Mapping partner to support the implementation of SF
• Depend on leadership and local politic
Community empowerment:
• The central government is supporting the community assistance
• Improve community development program

15. Thank You …
http://www.cifor.org/gcs-tenure/