3. What are our charges?
• What policy or regulatory changes and associated tools need to be put in
place to restore degraded peat lands and swamps and/or improve the
productivity of degraded mineral soils?
• Can drainage-intensive activities be accommodated on peat-lands and
swamps in the long-term, and what are the alternatives? What needs to be
done to stop further development and drainage of peat-land?
• How can degraded mineral and peat lands and swamps contribute to a long-
term solution to fire and haze?
• What are best management practices on managing and utilizing degraded
tropical peat lands and swamps that can be replicated and up-scaled?
9. Kurnianto et al. In prep
Hydraulic conductivity – forests
Canal
Plot for
the slug test
150 m
30 m
2rw
2rc
y
H
L
slug
Water level
recorder
D
Peat
Ks = 0.01 to 13.8 m/day
Mean Ks = 1.33 m/day
10. Ks = 0.02 to 3.5 m/day
Mean Ks = 0.28 m/day
Kurnianto et al. In prep
Hydraulic conductivity – oil palm
12. Flux change approach
11.8 ± 0.7 Mg CO2-eq ha-1yr-1, or
294 ± 18 Mg CO2-eq ha−1 over 25 yrs
Stock change approach
2221 ± 269 Mg CO2-eq ha-1
(maximum peat depth was 3 m)
Note:
• C losses from multiple fires during
land preparation are not included
• Net emissions from protected PSF
12 Mg CO2-eq ha-1 yr-1
CO2 emissions from forest conversion to
oil palm plantation
Novita et al. 5 In prep.
13. Total C stocks
Aboveground
C stoks
Belowground
C stocks
(Mg ha-1
yr-1
)
Undrained sec.
swamp forest
(N=4)
4359 239 (5.5%) 4119 (94.5%) 0 0
Drained sec.
swamp forest
(N=6)
4085 191 (4.7%) 3893 (95.3%) 274 11.0
Wet shrub
(N=5)
3413 39 (1.2%) 3373 (98.8%) 946 37.8
Oil palm
(N=5)
3679 23 (0.6%) 3655 (99.4%) 680 27.2
Land use types
(Mg ha-1
)
Emission Factor
Emission factors
Basuki et al. In prep
CO2 Emission CO2 Gains Balance Emission Factor
(Mg ha-1
yr-1
)
Undrained sec.
swamp forest
(N=3)
31.6 34.4 2.8 0.0
Drained sec.
swamp forest
(N=3)
32.4 31.0 -1.4 -4.2
Wet shrub
(N=3)
28.9 4.2 -24.7 -27.5
Oil palm
(N=3)
37.4 2.8 -34.6 -37.4
(Mg ha-1
yr-1
)
Land use types
1.4 4.2
24.7 27.5
34.6 37.4
14. Scaling impacts and policy responses
days year years decades
Spatialscale
Temporal scale
Global
Regional
National
Landscape
Patch
Post-fire
Nutrient releases
Transformed multi-level
policies
Damages to property
and crops
Spatial planning and fire prevention
capacity development
Elevated watershed
sediment exports
Regional
haze treaty
Regional cooperation on early warning
systems and fire-fighting capacities
Technical assistance
programs
GHG emissions &
Climate change
Murdiyarso and Lebel 2007
Changes in land
development policies
16. Key messages
• Fire regimes change over time but they are completely
anthropogenic and mainly associated with land-use policy,
governance and tenure systems
• Peat swamp (forest) fires and smoldering haze cause
detrimental impacts on human health and GHG emissions
• Quantifying peat biogeochemical and physical properties
would facilitate informed land-use decisions and fire
prevention
• Information on peat depth, hydrology are key for multi-
levels policy formulation
17. CIFOR advances human well-being, environmental conservation, and equity by conducting
research to inform policies and practices that affect forests in developing countries.
Thank you
www.cifor.org
www.cifor.org/swamp
Notas del editor
Very wide range of conductivity from 0.02 to 3.5 m/day.