Why managing and restoring tropical forests matter

Managing and restoring natural tropical forests
Ensuring a sustainable flow of benefits for people in the context of global change
Plinio Sist, sist@cirad.fr
Discussion forum
Why managing and restoring tropical forests matter ?

50% of the World Forests
Tropical Forests
27 % of the Terrestrial Carbon stock
50 % of terrestrial species

Deforestation still concentrated
in tropical regions
FAO 2005
Annual net forest gain/loss (2005)
Deforestation 2010-2015
8.8 Mha/year (FRA 2015)

Logging = Degradation ?
Conventional RIL

Forest Companies
Farmers
Forest Communities
Partnerships
A Diversity of Actors

The Main Challenges Debated in this
Discussion Forum
 Forest Degradation, Forest management, and restoration
 The future role of tropical natural forests vs plantations
 Production of goods and maintenance of environmental
services Diversity of actors, interests and perceptions
 Forest management and Restoration within landscape use
planning

FSC certified forest management
in Brazilian Amazon:
current status and challenges
Saturday 5 December 2015
Isabel GARCIA-DRIGO
Managing and restoring natural tropical forests
Ensuring a sustainable flow of benefits for people in the context of
global change

Tropical forests in an era of change: Southeast Asia
Robert Nasi & Michael Galante 8
Forest lands to legal logging
24%
© Galante
Managing and restoring natural tropical forests: Ensuring
a sustainable flow of benefits for people in the context of
global change
Concessions granted until 2015
In 5 National Forest
FMU Area : 842.000 ha
Concessions to be granted in 2016:
In 7 National Forest
FMU Potential Area: 1,3 million ha
Source: SFB (2016)
Few or none private lands available...So forest
concessions are the hope
Forest Concessions only of Para State already granted: 475.000 ha
Federal Forest Concessions
Until 2015, the total area granted in concession = 1,3 million ha
In average: 44.000/ha/year for legal logging

Robert Nasi & Michael Galante
Certified forest management
9
30%
24%
© Galante
global change
FSC FM at National level
Natural Forests
~1,6 million ha
Plantations
4,8 million Ha
7 companies
- 4 forest
concessions
1 Community
2 companies
5 Communities
1 State Forest (gov.
direct
management)
2 companies
- 1 forest
concession
12 Companies
6 Communities
1 gov. managed area
Area certified (in ha):
Private land: 1,3 million
Federal concessions: 99.000
Communities: 41.000
Para State Concessions:
136.000
Acre State Forest: 66.000
1 company

we can see the glass half full.....
10
30%
24%
© Galante
global change
 Total certified area= 1,6 million about 53.000/ha/year
potential production
 If annual cut in 20m3/ha/year about 1,0 million m3/year of
certified timber available
 18 % of the total forest concession area granted already
certified
 Potential to expand FSC in forest concessions: 1,6 million
ha, if so, double the certified production

......or half empty
11
30%
24%
© Galante
global change
 Fulfill forest concessions contract requirements is not for
everyone!
 Public agents are still too slowly to solve contract
problems
 FSC certification is costly
 Deficit of labor force well trained to perform RIL activities
 Social and technical performance of Subcontractors:
questionable
 Unfair competition: illegal logging

Merci!
Thank you!
Gracias!
Grazie!
Grata!
isabel.drigo@gmail.com
12

Toward Concessions 2.0
in Central Africa
Recognising and managing overlapping tenure rights
Alain Karsenty, Cédric Vermeulen & Guillaume Lescuyer

Forest concessions in C. Africa are generally
large, calling for land sharing

Concentration and fragmentation
• With the increasing demographic
density, the room for large-scale
concessions is gradually shrinking
(exceptions being essentially Gabon
and Congo).
- Some will inevitably be reduced
(and probably converted to
agricultural use at one stage),
other will be transformed into
community forests and
households’ lands
- Large concessions will remain
where their role in structuring
remote landscapes is key

Public and NGOs initiatives
• New public regulations insist
on timber revenues’ sharing
(Gabon, Cameroon, Congo)
and management plan often
have provisions for
“agricultural series” within
the concessions
– The “community development
series” within concessions in
Congo as a benefit sharing
mechanism and socioeconomic
reinvestment tool (but not
working well)

Impact of NGO initiatives: MappingForRights (RFUK) and Rights and
Resources Initiative work for mapping customary territories and
rights recognition

Overlaps with timber concessions

Certification fosters tenure rights recognition
Map of “finages” (customary tenure rights within concessions)

Beyond timber: developing new commodity chains
jointly with communities
• Competition with alternative land uses: oil palm, rubberwood, cocoa… often
encouraged by national governments
• An evolution of the forest concession system is desirable – and has probably
started, especially in FSC-Certified ones
• Need to shift from a mono-exploitation (timber) to a broader spectrum of
activities mixing SFM and valorisation of NTFPs, genetic resources, agroforestry
production, plantations on degraded lands and savannahs (including teak, cocoa,
oil palm…), recreational hunting, energy production and distribution…
• Acceptable only with the recognition of communities’
customary territories (“finages”) within the concessions: new
economic activities developed jointly with the empowered
populations

From land sparing to land sharing: designing concessions 2.0 as
a hybrid between a company and a territorial institution
• Systematic mapping of the customary territories (‘finages’) in an out the concessions and participative
management and organization of the dual dimension of community forestry, combining overlapping
areas and exclusive community concession areas
• Gazetting of Forest Management Units, not yet completed in C. Africa, will provide the legal
opportunity for adjustments of the boundaries to make room for viable SMEs

Managing the overlapping rights “by layers”
• On the overlapping area management by layers:
– Timber would remain an exclusive right of concessionaires (but with benefits sharing) but trees can be
set aside (caterpillars…) after agreement with populations
– Recreational hunting could be organised by a specialised operator,
– Investment would be needed to create joint venture for commercial exploitation of NTFP
– PES can finance timber and firewood plantations on restoration lands
– Cash crops (cocoa, oil palm…) could be developed with households on degraded lands (outgrowing
schemes with the concessionaire)…
• Sharing the decision process on land-use and resources:
– Concession’s Assembly with voting rights of the represented communities
– “Comités de finages” set as a way to discuss specific problem and prepare joint-ventures
• Implementation process would remain in the hands of the concessionaire, under the
supervision of the administration and the concession’s assembly

Je n’ai pas
tout
compris…
Thank you for
your attention!

Managing tropical forests in an era of change:
Southeast Asia
Saturday 5 December 2015
Michael Galante & Robert Nasi

Why production forests?
-Globally production forests account for 30% of all
designated forest types; and 24% account for
multiple-use.
-Tropical forests constitute ~400 million ha,
affecting ~1 billion people.
-If sustained and managed, they can continue to
produce goods and services, i.e., timber, NTFP,
protection of soil and water, conservation of
biodiversity, and provision of social services.
-However the maintenance of goods and services
are possible only under different paradigms than
are generally being practiced today.
27
30%
24%
© Galante
FAO, 2010

-
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
1990 2000 2005 2010
Millionsofhectares(ha)
Total area of deforesta on
170,000
180,000
190,000
200,000
210,000
220,000
230,000
1990 2000 2005 2010 2015
Total area of forest
-
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
1990 2000 2005 2010 2015
Total area of for protec on and biodiversity
-
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
180,000
200,000
1990 2000 2005 2010 2015
Total area of primaryand produc on forest
Produc on
Primary
Status and trends of production
forests in Southeast Asia
28
FAO, 2015
FAO, 2015
FAO, 2015
FAO, 2015

Trends of forests cover on Borneo
29
FAO, 2015
FAO, 2015
55.8 M ha
(76% of Borneo)
38.9 M ha
(53% of Borneo)
Gaveau et al. 2014
17.8 M ha
logged forests
21 M ha
(42% production forests)

A changing composition of diversity and
dynamic
30
-Many forests have already been harvested at least once,
with many areas multiple times.
-A large proportion of tropical forests in Southeast Asia
have changed in composition.
-Primary forests have become the exception, and
traditional approaches to management must be
reconsidered.
-Continued degradation will limit the forest management
options available, and consequently, the associated
multiple environmental, social and economic benefits,
thereby increasing the risk of non-forest activities in the
area.
© Galante

Lessons learned:
Approaches to forest management
31
-There is an urgent need for new management
systems for logged-over forests as the existing
ones will not work in the current and future
conditions.
-Improved approaches should support the flow of
benefits for the people, the forest and its
biodiversity, in the context of global change.
-More needs to be learned about the consequences
of interventions, other than just ground-based
selective logging with reduced-impact logging.
© Galante
© Galante

Lessons learned:
Concession management
32
-New models are need to create the enabling
environment for better concession management
-Well managed tropical forests represent a ‘middle
way’ between deforestation and total forest
protection
-Concessions are a good model to devolve timber or
forest product rights to operators (who can be local
communities)
-Rather than expecting sustained timber yield, without
changes in species or quality, emphasis should assure
production forests remain in the best possible
condition.
© Galante
© Galante

Lessons learned:
The value of logged-over forest
33
-The integrity of the composition of tropical forests is integral to
the genetic diversity found in Southeast Asia.
-Maintaining multi-tiered forest structures supports complex
ecosystem dynamics for both the integrity of the forest, and the
biodiversity within.
© Galante
© Galante
© Galante
Putz et. al., 2012

Forest Landscape Restoration as a
Key Component of Climate Change
Mitigation and Adaptation
John Stanturf: Climate Benefits of FLR
Stephanie Mansourian: Governance and FLR

Background and Our Objectives
Where are we? Status of implementation
In place
Partly in place
Not in place
Where do we want to go? Prioritization of future implementation
Desirable
Maybe
Undesirable
• Inter-linked FLR and climate policy
• Success requires many motivated actors doing
the right things
• Promote understanding of linkages, simple
communication products, participatory
planning, and joint evaluation of FLR initiatives
• Best available information on mitigation,
adaptation, and transformation activities
• A “stoplight” tool to evaluate, design, or
communicate an FLR project

Climate Benefits
of
Forest Landscape Restoration
John Stanturf

Mitigation Benefit Mechanism Restoration Activity
Sequester carbon Increase forest area Recolonization
Afforestation/Reforestation
Increase biomass/unit area Increase productivity
Introduce longer–lived species
Increase soil carbon Add biochar
Soil conservation to reduce erosion
Reduce fossil fuel
emissions
Bioenergy Firewood, charcoal, forest residues
Bioenergy plantations
Substitute materials
with greater carbon footprint
Wood-based bioproducts (e.g. construction
materials
Reduce emissions from
biomass
burning
Control GHG emissions
from wildfire
Prescribed burning and holistic fire
management
Convert to fire resistant species
Increase biofuel use efficiency More efficient stoves
Improve charcoal production
Reduce emissions from
land use
change
Reduce deforestation drivers Policy reforms to promote increasing trees
in the landscape
Effective protection

Adaptation Benefit
(Incremental/Anticipatory)
Mechanism Restoration Activity
Maintain
forest area
Reduce
deforestation
drivers
Policy reforms to promote increasing trees
in the landscape (e.g., secure tenure)
Effective protection (e.g., improved
enforcement)
Maintain
carbon stocks
Reduce or avoid
degradation
Utilize existing participatory forest
management programs (e.g., community
forests)
Reduce illegal logging
Maintain or improve
other forest functions
Biodiversity Expand reserves
Manage hunting (protect seed dispersers)
Afforest, reforest, or agroforest with mixed
species
Hydrology Protect catchment areas, to benefit
downstream users
Restore stream hydroperiod
Rural
economy
Promote forest-based value chains
Improve timber productivity

Adaptation Benefit
(Incremental/Anticipatory)
Reduce
vulnerability
Increase
resistance
and resilience
Thin to increase drought resistance
Integrated pest management
Overcome
regeneration
barriers
Control herbivory
Enhance dispersal by removing barriers and
creating connectivity
Assisted
population
migration
Reintroduce species within historic range
that have become extirpated
Expand population within the historic range
Assisted range
expansion
Expand just beyond historic range,
mimicking natural range expansion
Create
refugia
Identify and create microclimate refugia for
in situ conservation of climate-threatened
species

Adaptation Benefit
(Transformation)
Manage novel ecosystems Manage
spontaneous
ecosystems
Manage new species combinations that emerge
(e.g., non-natives, altered dominance of natives)
Create
ecosystems
Policy that allows planting non-native species or
transgenic trees
Assisted long distance species migration (well
outside historic range)
Create and plant new species that are climate-
adapted (using synthetic biology) with desired
functional traits
Rewilding (re-introduce extirpated or extinct
species)
Ecosystem with novelty (replace native species
with non-natives having desired functional traits)
Neo-native ecosystems (moving communities of
native species)
Novel ecosystems (combinations of native and
non-native species with desired functional traits;
designer ecosystems)

Governance and Forest
Landscape Restoration
Stephanie Mansourian

What is governance?
• Governance determines who takes
decisions, and how these decisions
are taken and applied.
• Environmental governance
comprises “the rules, practices,
policies and institutions that shape
how humans interact with the
environment” (UNEP, no year).

How does Governance relate to FLR?
• FLR is a process
• Governance influences different stages of this
process

Five Reasons why Governance is
important in FLR
• Understanding the root causes of forest degradation
and loss is essential for successful restoration, and
frequently these may be traced back to a range of
governance failures.
• New value is generated -
by returning trees and
forests to the landscape
-> potential for conflict if
governance is unclear

Five Reasons why Governance is
important in FLR (contd.)
• Competing land use – Allocating land for forest
restoration signifies reducing the options to use that
land for other purposes (e.g. food production or
mining).
• Tenure and rights – In landscapes , often a range of
tenure and rights systems (or even unclear tenure)
leading to increased risk of conflict.
• Scaling up – Scaling up implies an increase in the
number of actors, thereby also adding further
complexity in governance matters.

Final word….
• In order to arrive at climate benefits many of the
underlying causes of deforestation and forest
degradation need to be removed or at least altered
in ways that allow restoration activities to occur and
to be sustainable
• Many of these underlying causes represent
governance challenges

Why managing and restoring tropical forests matter

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