Slide presentate da Francesca Recanatini, Lead Governance Specialist presso la World Bank, in occasione dell'evento del 14 Novembre 2018 "Valutare i Comuni per attrarre gli investimenti" in cui ci mostra l'approccio della Banca Mondiale in tema di Governance ed Anti-Corruzione.

1. Slide 1Slide 1
INDICATORS AND RATINGS TO
PROMOTE GOVERNANCE AND
ANTI-CORRUPTION REFORMS:
THE WORLD BANK APPROACH
FRANCESCA RECANATINI
LEAD GOVERNANCE SPECIALIST
THE WORLD BANK
NOVEMBER 14, 2018

2. Slide 2Slide 2
A FEW DEFINITIONS
The manner in which the state acquires
and exercises its authority to provide
public goods & services
Use of public office for private gain
Governance
Corruption
•Corruption is an outcome – a consequence of
weak or bad governance
•Governance reform helps combat corruption by
addressing its underlying causes

3. Slide 3Slide 3
 Per gli economisti: Abuso di una carica
publica per ottenere vantaggi a livello
personale (Susan Rose Ackerman)
 La corruzione puo’ essere riassunta nella
seguente equazione
C = D + M – A (Robert Klitgaard)
Corruzione = Discrezionalita’ + Monopolio
della decisione – Accountability
UNA POSSIBILE DEFINIZIONE

4. Slide 5Slide 5
 La corruzione ha un costo reale e
significativo:
 per il paese (in termini di PIL, crescita e
benessere dei cittadini),
 per i cittadini (in termini di qualita’ e accesso ai
servizi pubblici, e di reddito),
 per le imprese (in termini di concorrenza e di
profitto)
 Alcuni esempi che utilizzano approcci diversi
per misurare la corruzione
PERCHE’ PREOCCUPARSI
DELLA CORRUZIONE?

5. Slide 6Slide 6
0%
10%
20%
Low Medium High
Income
%discouragedusers
Peru
Inequality - Corruption is a regressive tax:
Poor & small firms pay more in bribes
WBI diagnostics. % of gross monthly revenue paid in bribes, as reported by managers
2001.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Ecuador Peru Honduras
Small Medium Large
Exclusion - Corruption restricts access of
poor households to public services
WBI diagnostics. Discouraged Poor Users Due to Bribes, 2001.
CORRUPTION AND DEVELOPMENT
– AN IMPORTANT LINK
Service delivery - Bribery is
associated with bad quality of service
Social security
Transit authority police
Customs office
National police
Public registry
Trash collection
Post office
Public education
Power company
Tax collection
Phone company
License department
Public hospitals
Construction permitsWater
y= -0.02x+ 4.29
R2
= 0.38
r = -0.62
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Percent of respondents reported paying any bribes
Qualityofpublicservices:
1=verypoor7=verygood
WBI diagnostics. Citizens’ Responses, Ecuador 2000.
Growth - Negative impact on
competitiveness
32
Controlling Corruption is Associated with
Higher Country’s Competitiveness
ZWE
VNM
VEN
URY
USA
GBR
ARE
UKR
UGA
TUR
TUN
TTO
THA
TZA
TJK
TWN
CHE
SWE
LKA
ESP
ZAF
SVN
SVK
SGP
YUG
RUS
ROM
QAT
PRT
POL
PHL
PER
PRY
PAN
PAK
NOR
NGA
NIC
NZL
NLD
NAM
MOZ
MAR
MNG
MDA
MEX
MUS
MLT
MLI
MYS
MWI
MDG
MKD
LUX
LTULVA
KGZ
KWT
KOR
KEN
KAZ
JOR
JPN
JAM
ITA
ISR IRL
IDN
IND
ISL
HUN
HKG
HND
GUY
GTM
GRC
GHA
DEU
GEO
GMB
FRA
FIN
ETH
SLV
EGY
ECU
TMP
DOM
DNK
CZE
CYP
HRV CRI
COL
CHN
CHL
TCD
CAN
CMRKHM
BGR
BRA
BWA
BIH
BOL
BEN
BEL
BGD
BHR
AZE
AUT
AUS
ARG
DZA
ALB
2
4
6
-2 -1 0 1 2 3
Control of Corruption
GlobalCompetitivenessIndex
Low
Low High
High
r = 0.90
Sources: GCI is from GCR2005/6 by WEF, Control of Corruption from Kaufmann, Kraay and Mastruzzi, ‘Governance Matters
IV: Governance Indicators for 1996-2004’.

6. Slide 7Slide 7
 La corruzione e la qualita’ delle istitutioni
sono elementi chiave per lo sviluppo di un
paese
 La Banca Mondiale ha un approccio per
ridurre la corruzione che si concentra sulla
prevenzione, sul rafforzamento delle
istituzioni nazionali e sul pragmatismo
 La strategia della Banca Mondiale per
migliorare la “governance”
ALCUNI TEMI CHE EMERGONO

7. Slide 9Slide 9
Public
Management
Public financial
management &
procurement,
monitored by PEFA
Administrative & civil
service reform
Governance in Sectors
Transparency & participation
Competition in service provision
Sector-level corruption issues (EITI, forestry)
Civil Society, Media
& Oversight
Institutions
State oversight institutions
(parliament, judiciary, SAI)
Transparency & participation
(FOI, asset declaration, user
participation & oversight)
Civil society & media
Local Governance
Community-driven development
Local government transparency
Downward accountability
Private Sector
Competitive
investment climate
Responsible private
sector
Coalition building across stakeholders
HELPING COUNTRIES USING
MULTIPLE ‘ENTRY-POINTS’

8. Slide 10Slide 10
 Un approccio per migliorare la “governance”
e ridurre la corruzione che si articola a vari
livelli:
 Il paese e le sue istituzioni
 I progetti ed attivita’ della Banca Mondiale
 A livello internazionale
 Pragmatismo e “capacity building” sono
fondamentali
RIASSUMENDO

9. Slide 12Slide 12
THE ROLE OF GOVERNANCE DATA
AND ASSESSMENTS
Will and Political
Leadership for
Institutional Reforms
On governance
Strategy and
Action Plan
Governance assessment:
- Identification of severe obstacles
- Vulnerability of each institution
- Identification of priorities
Empirical Tools
and Data Capacity building and
coalition building

10. Slide 13Slide 13
ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO
PROMOTE REFORMS
1. Existing indicators:
1. Doing Business
2. Face-to-face surveys and micro-data:
1. Multiple sources: Governance & AC Diagnostic
Surveys (citizens, firms, civil servants)
2. Single source: BEEPS (firms)
3. Public Expenditure Tracking Surveys (PETS)
➢ Alternative approaches that can also
complement each other

11. Slide 16Slide 16
Country
Type of
government
application
Number of days to
process before
application
Number of days to process
after application
Brazil Registration of 29
documents
Several days 20 30 minutes per document, one day
for business licenses
Chile Taxes online 25 days 12 hours
China Online application
for 32 business
services
2-3 months for business
license
Several visits to
multiple offices for
filings
10-15 days for business license
Several seconds for routine filing for
companies
India, Andhra
Pradesh
Valuation of
Property
Few days 10 minutes
Land Registration 7-15 days 5 minutes
India, Karnataka Updating Land
Registration
1-2 years 30 days for approval, request
completed on demand
Obtaining Land Title
Certificate
3-30 days 5-30 minutes
India, Gujarat Interstate Check
Posts for Trucks
30 minutes 2 minutes
Jamaica Customs Online 2-3 day for brokers to
process entry
3-4 hours
Philippines Customs Online 8 days to release cargo 4 hours– 2 days to release cargo
Singapore Issue of Tax
Assessments
12-18 months 3-5 months
Source: Subash Bhatnagar and Arsala Deane (World Bank, 2003).
E-GOVERNMENT, TRANSPARENCY &
EFFICIENCY: EXAMPLES OF SAVINGS

12. Slide 36Slide 36
2.3 PETS

13. Slide 40Slide 40
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
1990 1991 1993 1994 1995
Equiv. US$ per student
Intended grant Actual grant received by primary school (means)
1999
Source: Uganda Public Expenditure Tracking Surveys
Tracking Education Dollars in Uganda
EMPOWERING CITIZENS WITH
INFORMATION TO REDUCE LEAKAGES
PUBLIC INFO CAMPAIGN

14. Slide 41Slide 41
WB Resources on the Web
 Anti-Corruption Authorities Portal:
www.acauthorities.org
 Governance Diagnostic Surveys Country Sites:
http://go.worldbank.org/P8PT8AK4P0
 Governance Data and Indicators Website:
www.gov360.org
 Governance and the Law (WDR 2017):
http://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/wdr2017
 Additional material available upon request:
frecanatini@worldbank.org
Thank you!