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Child Welfare and the State
      in the Ancient World


The beginning of parens patriae



         40 Boardman Place                                   www.cjcj.org
         San Francisco, CA 94103   © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Parens Patriae

The doctrine that establishes the right of the state
to act on behalf of the child




                40 Boardman Place                                   www.cjcj.org
                San Francisco, CA 94103   © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
In Loco Parentis
When the state or its designated agent provides care and
protection equivalent to that of the natural parent
(in place of the parents)




                   40 Boardman Place                                   www.cjcj.org
                   San Francisco, CA 94103   © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Children and the State in the Ancient World

 The         • Designed to prevent strong from injuring
 Hammurabi     the weak
 Code        • Defined crimes and set punishments
             • Established a father as head of family unit
 1752 BC
             • Father’s role strictly enforced through
               power of the state
             • Provided for adoption of children
             • Misconduct by child outside family unit
               subject to same punishments as adult




              40 Boardman Place                                   www.cjcj.org
              San Francisco, CA 94103   © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Children under Early Roman Law

Doctrine of Patria Potestas continued tradition of
  father’s absolute control over family matters




               40 Boardman Place                                   www.cjcj.org
               San Francisco, CA 94103   © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Unwanted children in ancient Rome

Infanticide
through
exposure.

In Rome a
column near the
Velebrum,
where baby
Romulus and
Remus were
discovered, was
the unofficial
designated spot.


                   40 Boardman Place                                   www.cjcj.org
                   San Francisco, CA 94103   © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Assignment of Guardianship

Earliest and most consistent form of state
     intervention on behalf of children




           40 Boardman Place                                   www.cjcj.org
           San Francisco, CA 94103   © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Three Types of Guardianship established
            under Roman Law
• Tutela Legitima: guardianship fell to the senior surviving male
  relative
• Tutela Testamentaria: Guardianship designated by the natural
  father prior to his death
• Tutelia Atiliana: Guardianship assigned by government
  officials (praetor urbanus)




                      40 Boardman Place                                   www.cjcj.org
                      San Francisco, CA 94103   © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Guardianship under Roman Law
Focused on protecting children’s property rights




                 40 Boardman Place                                   www.cjcj.org
                 San Francisco, CA 94103   © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Evolution of Roman Law under Byzantine
             State (500 AD to 1453)
• Outlawed exposure in 541 by classifying the act as murder
• Established network of state and church run orphanages
• Orphanotropheion in Constantinople stood for a 1000 years
• Increased laws protecting property rights of children placed in
  guardianship
• Expanded practice of adoption




                      40 Boardman Place                                   www.cjcj.org
                      San Francisco, CA 94103   © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Ancient Roman Law and the Juvenile
           Delinquent
   Assigning criminal responsibility




            40 Boardman Place                                   www.cjcj.org
            San Francisco, CA 94103   © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
mens rea
the Latin term for "guilty mind”
    actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea
“the act does not make a person guilty unless
           the mind be also guilty.”




            40 Boardman Place                                   www.cjcj.org
            San Francisco, CA 94103   © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
CHILDREN AND CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY IN
            ANCIENT ROME


  UNDER AGE 7- NO
   RESPONSIBILITY

  7 TO PUBERTY –
       SOME
  RESPONSIBILITY

  PUBERTY TO 25 –
   RESPONSIBILITY
     WITH AGE
  CONSIDERATIONS




                    40 Boardman Place                                   www.cjcj.org
                    San Francisco, CA 94103   © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Orphans and the Evolution of State
              Care
    The Church Takes the Lead




          40 Boardman Place                                   www.cjcj.org
          San Francisco, CA 94103   © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Ospedale degli Innocenti, Florence (1411)




Hospital of the Innocents
                    40 Boardman Place                                   www.cjcj.org
                    San Francisco, CA 94103   © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Swaddled infant




 40 Boardman Place                                   www.cjcj.org
 San Francisco, CA 94103   © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
The Foundling Wheel

Foundling wheel
at the Ospedale
degli Innocenti




              40 Boardman Place                                   www.cjcj.org
              San Francisco, CA 94103   © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Growth of Parens Patriae in the
             Middle Ages
Magna Carta 1215 – re-established the role of the
state in ensuring the protection of orphaned
children and their property through the appointment
of guardians.




                 40 Boardman Place                                   www.cjcj.org
                 San Francisco, CA 94103   © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
CHANCERY COURTS




  40 Boardman Place                                   www.cjcj.org
  San Francisco, CA 94103   © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Growth of Parens Patriae in the Middle Ages
• 1500 Chancery Court –
  extended right of the English
  king to assign guardianship
  over orphaned children
• 1562 English Parliament
  passes the Statute of Artificers
  allowing government to
  involuntarily separate children
  from pauper parents
• 1601 English Poor Law Act
  allows government to place
  poor children in bondage to
  local residents as apprentices




                        40 Boardman Place                                   www.cjcj.org
                        San Francisco, CA 94103   © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Scenes of the Poor House




      40 Boardman Place                                   www.cjcj.org
      San Francisco, CA 94103   © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Typical Workhouse/Bridewell




Origins of Institutional Intervention

                                 40 Boardman Place                                   www.cjcj.org
                                 San Francisco, CA 94103   © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Children and Criminal Responsibility in the
               Middle Ages
• One to Seven = no criminal responsibility

• Eight to Puberty = limited criminal responsibility

• 14 and over = criminal responsibility




                      40 Boardman Place                                   www.cjcj.org
                      San Francisco, CA 94103   © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
THE EVOLUTION OF INSTITUTIONS FOR THE POOR,
        DEPRAVED AND DELINQUENT

 1703
 Hospice
 San
 Michele
 established
 by Pope
 Clement XI




               40 Boardman Place                                   www.cjcj.org
               San Francisco, CA 94103   © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Hospice San Michele
•   Congregate work station for offenders
•   Solitary confinement for incorrigible
•   Enforced silenced
•   Wearing of hoods

“It is insufficient to restrain the wicked by punishment unless you
               render them virtuous by corrective discipline




                      40 Boardman Place                                   www.cjcj.org
                      San Francisco, CA 94103   © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013

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1. evolution of state role in treatment of children

  • 1. Child Welfare and the State in the Ancient World The beginning of parens patriae 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 2. Parens Patriae The doctrine that establishes the right of the state to act on behalf of the child 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 3. In Loco Parentis When the state or its designated agent provides care and protection equivalent to that of the natural parent (in place of the parents) 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 4. Children and the State in the Ancient World The • Designed to prevent strong from injuring Hammurabi the weak Code • Defined crimes and set punishments • Established a father as head of family unit 1752 BC • Father’s role strictly enforced through power of the state • Provided for adoption of children • Misconduct by child outside family unit subject to same punishments as adult 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 5. Children under Early Roman Law Doctrine of Patria Potestas continued tradition of father’s absolute control over family matters 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 6. Unwanted children in ancient Rome Infanticide through exposure. In Rome a column near the Velebrum, where baby Romulus and Remus were discovered, was the unofficial designated spot. 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 7. Assignment of Guardianship Earliest and most consistent form of state intervention on behalf of children 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 8. Three Types of Guardianship established under Roman Law • Tutela Legitima: guardianship fell to the senior surviving male relative • Tutela Testamentaria: Guardianship designated by the natural father prior to his death • Tutelia Atiliana: Guardianship assigned by government officials (praetor urbanus) 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 9. Guardianship under Roman Law Focused on protecting children’s property rights 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 10. Evolution of Roman Law under Byzantine State (500 AD to 1453) • Outlawed exposure in 541 by classifying the act as murder • Established network of state and church run orphanages • Orphanotropheion in Constantinople stood for a 1000 years • Increased laws protecting property rights of children placed in guardianship • Expanded practice of adoption 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 11. Ancient Roman Law and the Juvenile Delinquent Assigning criminal responsibility 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 12. mens rea the Latin term for "guilty mind” actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea “the act does not make a person guilty unless the mind be also guilty.” 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 13. CHILDREN AND CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY IN ANCIENT ROME UNDER AGE 7- NO RESPONSIBILITY 7 TO PUBERTY – SOME RESPONSIBILITY PUBERTY TO 25 – RESPONSIBILITY WITH AGE CONSIDERATIONS 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 14. Orphans and the Evolution of State Care The Church Takes the Lead 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 15. Ospedale degli Innocenti, Florence (1411) Hospital of the Innocents 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 16. Swaddled infant 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 17. The Foundling Wheel Foundling wheel at the Ospedale degli Innocenti 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 18. Growth of Parens Patriae in the Middle Ages Magna Carta 1215 – re-established the role of the state in ensuring the protection of orphaned children and their property through the appointment of guardians. 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 19. CHANCERY COURTS 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 20. Growth of Parens Patriae in the Middle Ages • 1500 Chancery Court – extended right of the English king to assign guardianship over orphaned children • 1562 English Parliament passes the Statute of Artificers allowing government to involuntarily separate children from pauper parents • 1601 English Poor Law Act allows government to place poor children in bondage to local residents as apprentices 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 21. Scenes of the Poor House 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 22. Typical Workhouse/Bridewell Origins of Institutional Intervention 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 23. Children and Criminal Responsibility in the Middle Ages • One to Seven = no criminal responsibility • Eight to Puberty = limited criminal responsibility • 14 and over = criminal responsibility 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 24. THE EVOLUTION OF INSTITUTIONS FOR THE POOR, DEPRAVED AND DELINQUENT 1703 Hospice San Michele established by Pope Clement XI 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 25. Hospice San Michele • Congregate work station for offenders • Solitary confinement for incorrigible • Enforced silenced • Wearing of hoods “It is insufficient to restrain the wicked by punishment unless you render them virtuous by corrective discipline 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013