2. MEMORY
• The power or process of • The store of things
reproducing or recalling learned and retained
what has been learned from an organism’s
and retained esp. through activity or experience as
associative mechanisms. indicated by modification
of structure or behavior
or by recall or
recognition.
• Source: Merriam-Webster
Medical Dictionary,2006.
3. TYPES OF MEMORY
• Memory actually takes many
different forms. We know that
when we store a memory, we are
storing information. But, what
that information is and how long
we retain it determines what type
of memory it is. The biggest
categories of memory are short-
term memory (or working
memory) and long-term memory,
based on the amount of time the
memory is stored.
• Source:
http://www.positscience.com/hu
man-brain/memory/types-of-
memory
4. SHORT TERM MEMORY
• Short-term or working
memory is the brief time
of keeping something in
mind before dismissing it
or pushing it into long-
term memory. The
hippocampus and
subiculum store short-
term memories.
• Source: *Brain, The
Complete Mind, pg.243
5. LONG-TERM MEMORY
• Long-term memory is • Long-Term Memory
our brain's system for
storing, managing, and Types:
retrieving information.
There are many
• PROCEDURAL
different forms of long-
term memory. • PRIMING
• Source:
http://www.positscienc
• EPISODIC
e.com/human-
brain/memory/types-
• SEMANTIC
of-memory
6. PROCEDURAL MEMORY
• An implicit memory,
allowing action to be
performed
unconsciously; “how
to” knowledge.
• Stored first in the
motor cortex, then
sent to the
cerebellum.
• Source: Brain; The Complete Mind, pg. 243.
7. PRIMING MEMORY
• An implicit memory,
which biases the
brain to
nonconsciously recall
recently experienced
information quickly.
• Stored in cerebral
cortex regions that
process original
stimuli.
• Source: Brain, the Complete
Mind, pg.243.
8. EPISODIC MEMORY
• A declarative
(explicit) memory,
in which conscious
thought recalls
personal
experiences.
• The prefrontal
cortex and the
hippocampus.
• Source: Brain, The Complete Mind, pg.243.
9. SEMANTIC MEMORY
• A declarative (explicit)
memory, in which
conscious thought calls
up learned knowledge,
such as facts about the
world.
• Stored, in perhaps, the
same regions as
episodic memory
(prefrontal cortex and
the hippocampus).
• Source: Brain, The Complete Mind, pg.243.
10. MEMORY PARTS
• MEMORY HAS
THREE PARTS:
• ENCODING
• STORAGE
• RETRIEVAL
• Source: Brain, The
Complete Mind, pg.239
11. ENCODING
• Encoding is based on perception • During this process
neurotransmitters fire
and is the first step to creating a
chemicals into the synapse
memory. and dendrites creating
• The strength of the memory memories, also known as
depends on how much elaboration.
attention is paid to the stimuli. • Even though these
connections are made, they
• During encoding memories are are not concrete, these
developed in the hippocampus synapse and dendrites change
by using the language of and so do our memories.
electricity and chemicals. • Source:
• When we create new memories *http://science.howstuffworks
.com/environmental/life/insid
with words and images it adds e-the-mind/human-
strength to our encoding brain/human-memory1.htm
abilities.
12. STORAGE
• Storage is the process of
retaining the information
• Sensory memory extends the
duration of the perception of
gathered in the initial stages of stimuli long enough that they
encoding. can be recognized,
• Memory storage is made up of transformed (encoded), and
three memory systems: relayed to conscious
sensory memory, short-term awareness.
memory, and long-term • Short-term memory (STM) has
memory. a limited duration (15 to 30
seconds) and a limited
• Source: capacity, believed to be about
*http://www.cliffsnotes.com/s seven pieces of information.
tudy_guide/Memory- • Long-term memory (LTM) has
Storage.topicArticleId- an unlimited capacity and a
25438,articleId-25419.html very long duration; it is
virtually limitless
13. RETRIEVAL
• Retrieval is the process of getting
information out of memory.
• Retrieval cues are stimuli that can
be used to help retrieve
memories.
• Priming is the process of
identifying traces (perhaps
associations made at the time the
memory was formed) that lead to
a memory.
• Source:
*http://www.cliffsnotes.com/stu
dy_guide/Memory-
Retrieval.topicArticleId-
25438,articleId-25420.html
14. MEMORY LOSS
TYPES DESCRIPTION
•
• Alcohol blackout Causes partial or total memory loss for events
occurring after rapid, heavy consumption of
alcohol.
• Dissociative fugue • Creates confusion about identity and life events.
Commonly accompanied by wandering.
• Korsakoff’s psychosis
• Strikes some chronic alcoholics . Causes inability
to form short-term memories. Patient may even
invent memories.
• Post-traumatic amnesia
• Occurs after coma. Causes
disorientation,agitation, inability to remember
anything prior to injury.
• Repressed memory
• Arises as reaction to early trauma. Memories
are later recovered.
• Source: Brain, The Complete Mind,pg. 257.
15. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
• *Postit-Science/human brain. (2012, March). Retrieved from Post it
Science: http://www.positscience.com/human-
brain/memory/types-of-memory
This article is information in regards to the scientific study of
brain function around memory.
• *John Wiley & Sons. (2012). Memory Retrieval. unknown: Cliff
Notes.
In regards to simple and understandable language, memory
retrieval and its processes, are explained and simplified.
• *Merriam-Webster,Incorporated. (2006). Merriam-Webster's
Medical Dictionary. Springfield: Merriam-Webster, Incorporated.
This dictionary was developed to serve as a language
translator between patients and doctors.
16. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY cont.
• Richard C. Mohs, P. (2012). Memory Encoding. How Human
Memory Works, 4.
The detailed descriptions of memory encoding and its physical,
psychological and chemical processes can be found and understood in
this article.
• Sons, J. W. (2012). Memory Storage. Cliff Notes, Inc.
The long and the short, of how memory storage is developed
and processed.
• *Sweeney, M. S. (2011). Brain, The Complete Mind. Washington
D.C.: National Geographic.
This book describes the complexity of the human brain from
its development to its processes and operations.
