CPWF 10 years of R4D for water & food security ANU
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Presentation made to the French-Australian Forum on Water and Land Management "Food and water security shaping land-use futures" on CPWF 10-year achievements with a focus on the Ganges and Mekong basins.
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CPWF 10 years of R4D for water & food security ANU
- 1. 10 years of research for development to improve water & food security of the rural poor Alain Vidal, Director CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food
- 2. Niger Water, food and poverty analyzed in 10 basins 1.5 billion people 50% of the poorest < 1.25US$/day
- 3. Water, water, everywhere, Nor any drop to drink
- 4. Not just population increase Not just scarcity -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 GNI($/capPPP) Water availability (m3/cap) GNI vs Water Drivers for poverty
- 5. Problems are more nuanced that scarcity alone
- 6. Water productivity remains very low over most areas WP (estimated potential / typically 1-2 kg/m3 ) Volta Limpopo Nile Niger Ganges Indus YR Mekong
- 7. There is enough water to meet our needs, it’s how we manage it ! Sustainable intensification Beyond a focus on productivity Income and ecosystem services Equitable sharing of benefits from water Finding balanced solutions Institutional water management A holistic approach to avoid fragmentation among actors Addressed through basin-focused research programs addressing a major development issue in each basin Guiding investment to relevant pro-poor interventions
- 8. Policy dialogues, stakeholders engagement, outcomes and impact Research… evidence-based to deeply understand problems development challenges of relevance to those living in a basin and target interventions or solutions… “innovations”, “interventions”, “strategies” or “alternatives” through engagement and learning processes… where stakeholder behavior is influenced and outcomes achieved Engaged and informed stakeholders themselves choose to change practice because they perceive as to their own advantage
- 10. Transforming threats into opportunities ? MEKONG GANGES
- 11. Sustainable fisheries and hydropower in the Mekong river basin
- 12. The Mekong water – fish – energy nexus Massive hydropower potential Fisheries provide 50-80% of animal protein to 60 million people and 50% of rural income Fisheries and food security threatened by the discontinuities due to large hydropower dams MRC, 2010
- 13. Changes in practice sharing the benefits between fisheries and energy production Water management techniques and practices improving the benefits of riparian communities Rice-fish systems (THPC, Laos) Cassava (Yali Falls, Vietnam) Artificial wetlands (THPC, Laos)
- 14. Improved water control: an opportunity for the poor of the Ganges Delta ?
- 15. Among world’s poorest BBS / WorldBank / WFP (2009) Poverty, food insecurity, vulnerability 75% of households (HH) with 0.2-0.6 ha HH income US$700/year 80% of population below national poverty line Too much water in rainy season Salinity and lack of fresh water in dry season
- 16. Untapped potential but growing pressure from salinity Huge potential to improve food security and livelihoods Salinity not a constraint everywhere – even an opportunity if water properly controlled Soil salinity None Very slight Slight Strong Very strong
- 17. Sustainable intensification of polders: technical and institutional challenges Lots of viable cropping systems possible with crop diversification, fish and shrimp But it’s all about water control ! Need for political changes at national and local levels Canal maintenance and management Shifting from rice monoculture Rice Shrimp Upper threshold limit of salinity - Rice Date Watersalinity(ppt) Lower threshold limit of salinity - ShrimpDaily water salinity
- 18. How do such interventions increase water and food security ? Enhanced resilience Combined technical and institutional innovations prevent systems from moving to undesired state when shocked Water and food security Looking beyond the « yield gap » enables diversify food production (crops, fish and livestock) and ecosystem services Additional income alleviates poverty Empowerment Enhanced people’s rights and institutional governance
Notas del editor
- The Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF) of the CGIAR has analyzed poverty-water relationships on 10 river basins including: the Andes and São Francisco in South America; the Limpopo, Niger, Nile and Volta basins in Africa; and the Ganges, Indus, Karkheh, Mekong, and Yellow in Asia. These basins – distinct and gargantuan geographic areas defined by water flows from high-ground to streams that feed major river systems – cover 13.5 million square kilometers and are home to some 1.5 billion people, and half of the world ’ s poorest .
- Common discourse is one of scarcity of water (and in general of natural resources). Experience shows that variability much more affecting food security and livelihoods, a trend increasing with climate change.
- Comparing the performance of agricultural systems between river basins, based on the production in kg per m 3 of water consumed or water productivity . With few exceptions, water productivity of cereals is very low (between 0.2 and 0.5 kg/m 3 ). Efficient farmers achieve water productivity of 2.0 kg/m 3 , but in most basins it is only a fraction of this level.
- Huge potential to continue to increase production in areas where levels are currently low, if proper access to water and markets is given to communities. This, in turn, could create the right incentives for 'sustainable intensification ’ . There is a need to go beyond concepts of 'transfers', such as Payment for Environmental Service schemes, to more nuanced agreements that promote collaboration and 'win-win' situations where benefits are shared between different groups. Benefits (and risks) need to be shared in order for all of the diverse actor groups that make up society to be able to develop. While globally there is enough water to sustain human development and environmental needs, water-related conflicts will continue if we do not manage our resources well. A radical reform of how water is managed and used is necessary. This includes reform of the institutions that govern water resources . For the most part, there is a complete fragmentation of how water is managed amongst different actors, and even countries, where the water needs of different sectors—agriculture, industry, environment, mining—are considered separately, rather than as interrelated and interdependent. Institutions must develop a holistic approach to address the issues of unequal development that lead to unequal sharing of resources and benefits.