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VOIX VS TEXTE
Une analyse par les relations individuelles
Thomas Cadet
JMA
05 /06/2014
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing
elit. Aliquam leo elit, vestibulum nec rhoncus
scelerisque, molestie vel justo. Aenean non turpis at
nunc rutrum congue vitae quis velit. Proin
fermentum faucibus sapien, sed scelerisque dolor
lobortis nec. Suspendisse ac quam dignissim elit
egestas mattis a at eros. Suspendisse molestie magna
libero, fringilla facilisis nisl accumsan eget. Nunc vel
pulvinar ante. Proin vel porttitor metus. Mauris quis
consectetur dolor. Nunc orci nisi, facilisis quis
imperdiet scelerisque, venenatis eget augue.
Curabitur egestas ullamcorper mauris, auctor
aliquam urna porttitor vel. Pellentesque ornare
ultrices urna. Phasellus in rutrum quam. Nulla
adipiscing id nulla vitae posuere. Aliquam rhoncus
hendrerit ante, at vestibulum lectus venenatis sed. In
vestibulum risus vel est varius, a tempor purus
porttitor. Aliquam eu dapibus magna.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing
elit. Aliquam leo elit, vestibulum nec rhoncus
scelerisque, molestie vel justo. Aenean non turpis at
nunc rutrum congue vitae quis velit. Proin
fermentum faucibus sapien, sed scelerisque dolor
lobortis nec. Suspendisse ac quam dignissim elit
egestas mattis a at eros. Suspendisse molestie magna
libero, fringilla facilisis nisl accumsan eget. Nunc vel
pulvinar ante. Proin vel porttitor metus. Mauris quis
consectetur dolor. Nunc orci nisi, facilisis quis
imperdiet scelerisque, venenatis eget augue.
Curabitur egestas ullamcorper mauris, auctor
aliquam urna porttitor vel. Pellentesque ornare
ultrices urna. Phasellus in rutrum quam. Nulla
adipiscing id nulla vitae posuere. Aliquam rhoncus
hendrerit ante, at vestibulum lectus venenatis sed. In
vestibulum risus vel est varius, a tempor purus
porttitor. Aliquam eu dapibus magna.
33,4
Minutes
45
SMS
source : ARCEP
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing
elit. Aliquam leo elit, vestibulum nec rhoncus
scelerisque, molestie vel justo. Aenean non turpis at
nunc rutrum congue vitae quis velit. Proin
fermentum faucibus sapien, sed scelerisque dolor
lobortis nec. Suspendisse ac quam dignissim elit
egestas mattis a at eros. Suspendisse molestie magna
libero, fringilla facilisis nisl accumsan eget. Nunc vel
pulvinar ante. Proin vel porttitor metus. Mauris quis
consectetur dolor. Nunc orci nisi, facilisis quis
imperdiet scelerisque, venenatis eget augue.
Curabitur egestas ullamcorper mauris, auctor
aliquam urna porttitor vel. Pellentesque ornare
ultrices urna. Phasellus in rutrum quam. Nulla
adipiscing id nulla vitae posuere. Aliquam rhoncus
hendrerit ante, at vestibulum lectus venenatis sed. In
vestibulum risus vel est varius, a tempor purus
porttitor. Aliquam eu dapibus magna.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing
elit. Aliquam leo elit, vestibulum nec rhoncus
scelerisque, molestie vel justo. Aenean non turpis at
nunc rutrum congue vitae quis velit. Proin
fermentum faucibus sapien, sed scelerisque dolor
lobortis nec. Suspendisse ac quam dignissim elit
egestas mattis a at eros. Suspendisse molestie magna
libero, fringilla facilisis nisl accumsan eget. Nunc vel
pulvinar ante. Proin vel porttitor metus. Mauris quis
consectetur dolor. Nunc orci nisi, facilisis quis
imperdiet scelerisque, venenatis eget augue.
Curabitur egestas ullamcorper mauris, auctor
aliquam urna porttitor vel. Pellentesque ornare
ultrices urna. Phasellus in rutrum quam. Nulla
adipiscing id nulla vitae posuere. Aliquam rhoncus
hendrerit ante, at vestibulum lectus venenatis sed. In
vestibulum risus vel est varius, a tempor purus
porttitor. Aliquam eu dapibus magna.
?
ARCEP ⦚ AGCOM
LITTÉRATURE ?
Grzybowski, L., et Pereira, P. (2008)
Méthode
Tobit (RE)
Données individuelles
Grzybowski, L., et Pereira, P. (2008)
Méthode
Tobit (RE)
Données individuelles
Résultat
Compléments
Kim, Y., Telang, R., Vogt, W. B., et
Krishnan, R. (2010)
Méthode
Modèle Structurel
Prix
Kim, Y., Telang, R., Vogt, W. B., et
Krishnan, R. (2010)
Méthode
Modèle Structurel
Prix
Résultats
Faibles substituts
Andersson, K., Foros, Ø., et Steen, F.
(2009).
Méthode
Modèle log-lineaire
2SLS
Andersson, K., Foros, Ø., et Steen, F.
(2009).
Méthode
Modèle log-lineaire
2SLS
Résultats
Substituts
Andersson, K., Foros, Ø., et Steen, F.
(2009).
Méthode
Modèle log-lineaire
2SLS
Résultats
Substituts
Compléments
?
Enjeux
Définition des
marchés pertinents
Enjeux
Tarification
des services
Définition des
marchés pertinents
Enjeux
1
Grzybowski et Pereira,
(2008)	

AGCOM
Prépayé
1
Grzybowski et Pereira,
(2008)	

AGCOM
Kim,Telang,Vogt, et
Krishnan (2010)	

ARCEP
PrépayéPostpayé
1
Grzybowski et Pereira,
(2008)	

AGCOM
Kim,Telang,Vogt, et
Krishnan (2010)	

ARCEP
PrépayéPostpayé
Type de contrat ?
1
2
2
2
2
2
Hétérogénéité des relations
2
Résultats
voix / SMS
Résultats
voix / SMS
•pour les postpayés+
Résultats
voix / SMS
•pour les postpayés
•pour les prépayés
+
Résultats
MODÈLE
« Point-to-point »
« Point-to-point »
« Point-to-point »
« Point-to-point »
i j
Utilité
i j
Utilité
Iij = f(qij, qji)
i j
Contrainte
Ri pi(qij) + pxXi
i
Problème de maximisation
d’optimisation auquel le consommateur i fa
ors :
Max Ui(Iij; Xi)
s.l.c Iij = f(qij, qji)
Ri = pi(qij) + Xi
nt Xi dans la fonction d’utilité grâce à la co
é émise par l’individu i vers j va être optimal
i
Problème de maximisation
d’optimisation auquel le consommateur i fa
ors :
Max Ui(Iij; Xi)
s.l.c Iij = f(qij, qji)
Ri = pi(qij) + Xi
nt Xi dans la fonction d’utilité grâce à la co
é émise par l’individu i vers j va être optimal
@f
@qij
= pi
i
Solution
i
q⇤
ij = q⇤
ij(q⇤
ji, pi)
Solution
i
q⇤
ij = q⇤
ij(q⇤
ji, pi)
Solution
i
q⇤
ji = q⇤
ji(q⇤
ij, pj)
j
Données
Données
2 592 276individus
Données
2 592 276individus
26semaines
Focus
« on-net »
Focus
« on-net »
23semaines
Focus
« on-net »
23semaines
1 020 273relations
Focus
Modèle économétrique
Vij,t = ↵0 + ↵1Vji,t + ↵2Pv,i
+ ↵3Sij,t + ↵4Sji,t + uij + ✏ij,t
Distribution non-normale
Distribution non-normale
x ) ln(x + 1)
Hétérogénéité des relations
« Within »
Hétérogénéité des relations
prix contrat
sexe âge
« Within »
Hétérogénéité des relations
prix contrat
sexe âge
prix contrat
sexe âge
« Within »
Hétérogénéité des relations
Simultanéité
2SLS
Sortant | Entrant
Voix | SMS
Simultanéité
ln(Vij,t) = ↵1 ln(Vji,t) + ↵2 ln(Sji,t) + ↵4 ln(Sij,t)
+ ↵3 ln(Sij,t) ⇤ prepayei + ↵5 ln(V lagi,t)
+ ↵6 ln(Slagi,t) + ↵7 ln(V exi,t) + ↵8 ln(V ini,t)
+
P25
z=1 ⇡Dz + ✏ij,t
Finalement
ln(Vij,t) = ↵1 ln(Vji,t) + ↵2 ln(Sji,t) + ↵4 ln(Sij,t)
+ ↵3 ln(Sij,t) ⇤ prepayei + ↵5 ln(V lagi,t)
+ ↵6 ln(Slagi,t) + ↵7 ln(V exi,t) + ↵8 ln(V ini,t)
+
P25
z=1 ⇡Dz + ✏ij,t
Finalement
ln(Vij,t) = ↵1 ln(Vji,t) + ↵2 ln(Sji,t) + ↵4 ln(Sij,t)
+ ↵3 ln(Sij,t) ⇤ prepayei + ↵5 ln(V lagi,t)
+ ↵6 ln(Slagi,t) + ↵7 ln(V exi,t) + ↵8 ln(V ini,t)
+
P25
z=1 ⇡Dz + ✏ij,t
Finalement
ln(Vij,t) = ↵1 ln(Vji,t) + ↵2 ln(Sji,t) + ↵4 ln(Sij,t)
+ ↵3 ln(Sij,t) ⇤ prepayei + ↵5 ln(V lagi,t)
+ ↵6 ln(Slagi,t) + ↵7 ln(V exi,t) + ↵8 ln(V ini,t)
+
P25
z=1 ⇡Dz + ✏ij,t
Finalement
ln(Vij,t) = ↵1 ln(Vji,t) + ↵2 ln(Sji,t) + ↵4 ln(Sij,t)
+ ↵3 ln(Sij,t) ⇤ prepayei + ↵5 ln(V lagi,t)
+ ↵6 ln(Slagi,t) + ↵7 ln(V exi,t) + ↵8 ln(V ini,t)
+
P25
z=1 ⇡Dz + ✏ij,t
Finalement
Résultats
et par type de contrat des deux interlocuteurs (postpost, postpre, prepre,
prepost) 20
.
Tableau 4.4 – Résultats des estimation du modèles
FE IVFE postpost prepre postpre prepost
ln(Vji) 0.149⇤⇤⇤ 0.289⇤⇤⇤ 0.401⇤⇤⇤ 0.250⇤⇤⇤ 0.273⇤⇤⇤ 0.304⇤⇤⇤
(0.000280) (0.000827) (0.00144) (0.00114) (0.00114) (0.00156)
ln(Sij) 0.447⇤⇤⇤ 1.535⇤⇤⇤ 0.408⇤⇤⇤ -0.00229 0.319⇤⇤⇤ -0.0696⇤⇤⇤
(0.00155) (0.0225) (0.00634) (0.00445) (0.00646) (0.00496)
ln(Sij) ⇤ prepayei -0.253⇤⇤⇤ -2.260⇤⇤⇤
(0.00171) (0.0358)
ln(Sji) 0.0887⇤⇤⇤ -0.119⇤⇤⇤ -0.246⇤⇤⇤ -0.0863⇤⇤⇤ -0.0175⇤⇤⇤ -0.168⇤⇤⇤
(0.00107) (0.00319) (0.00609) (0.00421) (0.00502) (0.00568)
ln(V lagi) 0.0413⇤⇤⇤ 0.0478⇤⇤⇤ 0.0282⇤⇤⇤ 0.0390⇤⇤⇤ 0.0440⇤⇤⇤ 0.0375⇤⇤⇤
(0.000298) (0.000288) (0.000471) (0.000369) (0.000514) (0.000336)
ln(Slagi) -0.0335⇤⇤⇤ -0.00373⇤⇤⇤ -0.0320⇤⇤⇤ 0.00932⇤⇤⇤ -0.0394⇤⇤⇤ 0.0169⇤⇤⇤
(0.000522) (0.000565) (0.000957) (0.000819) (0.00101) (0.000742)
V exi 0.187⇤⇤⇤ 0.168⇤⇤⇤ 0.151⇤⇤⇤ 0.259⇤⇤⇤ 0.137⇤⇤⇤ 0.243⇤⇤⇤
(0.00114) (0.000522) (0.000792) (0.000439) (0.000769) (0.000402)
V ini -0.0283⇤⇤⇤ -0.0449⇤⇤⇤ -0.0545⇤⇤⇤ -0.0460⇤⇤⇤ -0.0301⇤⇤⇤ -0.0596⇤⇤⇤
(0.000635) (0.000339) (0.000572) (0.000484) (0.000578) (0.000523)
Dummies Temps Oui Oui Oui Oui Oui Oui
Observations 25506825 25506825 9974175 6952900 8579750 8579750
R2 0.250 -0.013 0.082 0.129 0.083 0.079
ll -52223894.5 -54183913.4 -20951310.3 -14020000.2 -17939818.8 -17424092.5
Écart-type Robustes entre parenthèses ⇤
p < 0.05, ⇤⇤
p < 0.01, ⇤⇤⇤
p < 0.001
Résultats
et par type de contrat des deux interlocuteurs (postpost, postpre, prepre,
prepost) 20
.
Tableau 4.4 – Résultats des estimation du modèles
FE IVFE postpost prepre postpre prepost
ln(Vji) 0.149⇤⇤⇤ 0.289⇤⇤⇤ 0.401⇤⇤⇤ 0.250⇤⇤⇤ 0.273⇤⇤⇤ 0.304⇤⇤⇤
(0.000280) (0.000827) (0.00144) (0.00114) (0.00114) (0.00156)
ln(Sij) 0.447⇤⇤⇤ 1.535⇤⇤⇤ 0.408⇤⇤⇤ -0.00229 0.319⇤⇤⇤ -0.0696⇤⇤⇤
(0.00155) (0.0225) (0.00634) (0.00445) (0.00646) (0.00496)
ln(Sij) ⇤ prepayei -0.253⇤⇤⇤ -2.260⇤⇤⇤
(0.00171) (0.0358)
ln(Sji) 0.0887⇤⇤⇤ -0.119⇤⇤⇤ -0.246⇤⇤⇤ -0.0863⇤⇤⇤ -0.0175⇤⇤⇤ -0.168⇤⇤⇤
(0.00107) (0.00319) (0.00609) (0.00421) (0.00502) (0.00568)
ln(V lagi) 0.0413⇤⇤⇤ 0.0478⇤⇤⇤ 0.0282⇤⇤⇤ 0.0390⇤⇤⇤ 0.0440⇤⇤⇤ 0.0375⇤⇤⇤
(0.000298) (0.000288) (0.000471) (0.000369) (0.000514) (0.000336)
ln(Slagi) -0.0335⇤⇤⇤ -0.00373⇤⇤⇤ -0.0320⇤⇤⇤ 0.00932⇤⇤⇤ -0.0394⇤⇤⇤ 0.0169⇤⇤⇤
(0.000522) (0.000565) (0.000957) (0.000819) (0.00101) (0.000742)
V exi 0.187⇤⇤⇤ 0.168⇤⇤⇤ 0.151⇤⇤⇤ 0.259⇤⇤⇤ 0.137⇤⇤⇤ 0.243⇤⇤⇤
(0.00114) (0.000522) (0.000792) (0.000439) (0.000769) (0.000402)
V ini -0.0283⇤⇤⇤ -0.0449⇤⇤⇤ -0.0545⇤⇤⇤ -0.0460⇤⇤⇤ -0.0301⇤⇤⇤ -0.0596⇤⇤⇤
(0.000635) (0.000339) (0.000572) (0.000484) (0.000578) (0.000523)
Dummies Temps Oui Oui Oui Oui Oui Oui
Observations 25506825 25506825 9974175 6952900 8579750 8579750
R2 0.250 -0.013 0.082 0.129 0.083 0.079
ll -52223894.5 -54183913.4 -20951310.3 -14020000.2 -17939818.8 -17424092.5
Écart-type Robustes entre parenthèses ⇤
p < 0.05, ⇤⇤
p < 0.01, ⇤⇤⇤
p < 0.001
Résultats
et par type de contrat des deux interlocuteurs (postpost, postpre, prepre,
prepost) 20
.
Tableau 4.4 – Résultats des estimation du modèles
FE IVFE postpost prepre postpre prepost
ln(Vji) 0.149⇤⇤⇤ 0.289⇤⇤⇤ 0.401⇤⇤⇤ 0.250⇤⇤⇤ 0.273⇤⇤⇤ 0.304⇤⇤⇤
(0.000280) (0.000827) (0.00144) (0.00114) (0.00114) (0.00156)
ln(Sij) 0.447⇤⇤⇤ 1.535⇤⇤⇤ 0.408⇤⇤⇤ -0.00229 0.319⇤⇤⇤ -0.0696⇤⇤⇤
(0.00155) (0.0225) (0.00634) (0.00445) (0.00646) (0.00496)
ln(Sij) ⇤ prepayei -0.253⇤⇤⇤ -2.260⇤⇤⇤
(0.00171) (0.0358)
ln(Sji) 0.0887⇤⇤⇤ -0.119⇤⇤⇤ -0.246⇤⇤⇤ -0.0863⇤⇤⇤ -0.0175⇤⇤⇤ -0.168⇤⇤⇤
(0.00107) (0.00319) (0.00609) (0.00421) (0.00502) (0.00568)
ln(V lagi) 0.0413⇤⇤⇤ 0.0478⇤⇤⇤ 0.0282⇤⇤⇤ 0.0390⇤⇤⇤ 0.0440⇤⇤⇤ 0.0375⇤⇤⇤
(0.000298) (0.000288) (0.000471) (0.000369) (0.000514) (0.000336)
ln(Slagi) -0.0335⇤⇤⇤ -0.00373⇤⇤⇤ -0.0320⇤⇤⇤ 0.00932⇤⇤⇤ -0.0394⇤⇤⇤ 0.0169⇤⇤⇤
(0.000522) (0.000565) (0.000957) (0.000819) (0.00101) (0.000742)
V exi 0.187⇤⇤⇤ 0.168⇤⇤⇤ 0.151⇤⇤⇤ 0.259⇤⇤⇤ 0.137⇤⇤⇤ 0.243⇤⇤⇤
(0.00114) (0.000522) (0.000792) (0.000439) (0.000769) (0.000402)
V ini -0.0283⇤⇤⇤ -0.0449⇤⇤⇤ -0.0545⇤⇤⇤ -0.0460⇤⇤⇤ -0.0301⇤⇤⇤ -0.0596⇤⇤⇤
(0.000635) (0.000339) (0.000572) (0.000484) (0.000578) (0.000523)
Dummies Temps Oui Oui Oui Oui Oui Oui
Observations 25506825 25506825 9974175 6952900 8579750 8579750
R2 0.250 -0.013 0.082 0.129 0.083 0.079
ll -52223894.5 -54183913.4 -20951310.3 -14020000.2 -17939818.8 -17424092.5
Écart-type Robustes entre parenthèses ⇤
p < 0.05, ⇤⇤
p < 0.01, ⇤⇤⇤
p < 0.001
Résultats
et par type de contrat des deux interlocuteurs (postpost, postpre, prepre,
prepost) 20
.
Tableau 4.4 – Résultats des estimation du modèles
FE IVFE postpost prepre postpre prepost
ln(Vji) 0.149⇤⇤⇤ 0.289⇤⇤⇤ 0.401⇤⇤⇤ 0.250⇤⇤⇤ 0.273⇤⇤⇤ 0.304⇤⇤⇤
(0.000280) (0.000827) (0.00144) (0.00114) (0.00114) (0.00156)
ln(Sij) 0.447⇤⇤⇤ 1.535⇤⇤⇤ 0.408⇤⇤⇤ -0.00229 0.319⇤⇤⇤ -0.0696⇤⇤⇤
(0.00155) (0.0225) (0.00634) (0.00445) (0.00646) (0.00496)
ln(Sij) ⇤ prepayei -0.253⇤⇤⇤ -2.260⇤⇤⇤
(0.00171) (0.0358)
ln(Sji) 0.0887⇤⇤⇤ -0.119⇤⇤⇤ -0.246⇤⇤⇤ -0.0863⇤⇤⇤ -0.0175⇤⇤⇤ -0.168⇤⇤⇤
(0.00107) (0.00319) (0.00609) (0.00421) (0.00502) (0.00568)
ln(V lagi) 0.0413⇤⇤⇤ 0.0478⇤⇤⇤ 0.0282⇤⇤⇤ 0.0390⇤⇤⇤ 0.0440⇤⇤⇤ 0.0375⇤⇤⇤
(0.000298) (0.000288) (0.000471) (0.000369) (0.000514) (0.000336)
ln(Slagi) -0.0335⇤⇤⇤ -0.00373⇤⇤⇤ -0.0320⇤⇤⇤ 0.00932⇤⇤⇤ -0.0394⇤⇤⇤ 0.0169⇤⇤⇤
(0.000522) (0.000565) (0.000957) (0.000819) (0.00101) (0.000742)
V exi 0.187⇤⇤⇤ 0.168⇤⇤⇤ 0.151⇤⇤⇤ 0.259⇤⇤⇤ 0.137⇤⇤⇤ 0.243⇤⇤⇤
(0.00114) (0.000522) (0.000792) (0.000439) (0.000769) (0.000402)
V ini -0.0283⇤⇤⇤ -0.0449⇤⇤⇤ -0.0545⇤⇤⇤ -0.0460⇤⇤⇤ -0.0301⇤⇤⇤ -0.0596⇤⇤⇤
(0.000635) (0.000339) (0.000572) (0.000484) (0.000578) (0.000523)
Dummies Temps Oui Oui Oui Oui Oui Oui
Observations 25506825 25506825 9974175 6952900 8579750 8579750
R2 0.250 -0.013 0.082 0.129 0.083 0.079
ll -52223894.5 -54183913.4 -20951310.3 -14020000.2 -17939818.8 -17424092.5
Écart-type Robustes entre parenthèses ⇤
p < 0.05, ⇤⇤
p < 0.01, ⇤⇤⇤
p < 0.001
Robustesse
Tableau 5 – Estimations du modèle par la méthode 3SLS
postpost prepre postpre
ln(Vij)
ln(Vji) 0,452⇤⇤⇤
(0,0013) 0,243⇤⇤⇤
(0,0010) 0,270⇤⇤⇤
(0,0011)
ln(Sij ) 1,257⇤⇤⇤
(0,0057) -0,0389⇤⇤⇤
(0,0043) 0,670⇤⇤⇤
(0,0058)
ln(Sji) -1,224⇤⇤⇤
(0,0056) -0,133⇤⇤⇤
(0,0041) -0,364⇤⇤⇤
(0,0047)
ln(V lagi) 0,0278⇤⇤⇤
(0,0004) 0,0391⇤⇤⇤
(0,0003) 0,0419⇤⇤⇤
(0,0004)
ln(Slagi) -0,0163⇤⇤⇤
(0,0008) 0,00408⇤⇤⇤
(0,0007) -0,0310⇤⇤⇤
(0,0009)
V exi 0,115⇤⇤⇤
(0,0002) 0,248⇤⇤⇤
(0,0003) 0,118⇤⇤⇤
(0,0002)
V ini 0,0178⇤⇤⇤
(0,0003) 0,00977⇤⇤⇤
(0,0004) 0,0243⇤⇤⇤
(0,0003)
ln(Vji)
ln(Vij ) 0,456⇤⇤⇤
(0,0013) 0,243⇤⇤⇤
(0,0010) 0,300⇤⇤⇤
(0,0014)
ln(Sji) 1,290⇤⇤⇤
(0,0057) -0,0625⇤⇤⇤
(0,0043) -0,0265⇤⇤⇤
(0,0046)
ln(Sij ) -1,240⇤⇤⇤
(0,0056) -0,118⇤⇤⇤
(0,0041) -0,394⇤⇤⇤
(0,0054)
ln(V lagj ) 0,0286⇤⇤⇤
(0,0004) 0,0398⇤⇤⇤
(0,0003) 0,0370⇤⇤⇤
(0,0003)
ln(Slagj ) -0,0164⇤⇤⇤
(0,0008) 0,00265⇤⇤⇤
(0,0007) 0,0148⇤⇤⇤
(0,0007)
V exj 0,115⇤⇤⇤
(0,0002) 0,248⇤⇤⇤
(0,0003) 0,228⇤⇤⇤
(0,0003)
V inj 0,0166⇤⇤⇤
(0,0003) 0,0113⇤⇤⇤
(0,0004) 0,0118⇤⇤⇤
(0,0004)
ln(Sij)
ln(Sji) 0,713⇤⇤⇤
(0,0011) 0,645⇤⇤⇤
(0,0008) 0,602⇤⇤⇤
(0,0008)
ln(Vij ) 0,0682⇤⇤⇤
(0,0003) 0,0144⇤⇤⇤
(0,0003) 0,0389⇤⇤⇤
(0,0003)
ln(Vji) -0,0657⇤⇤⇤
(0,0003) -0,0135⇤⇤⇤
(0,0003) -0,0196⇤⇤⇤
(0,0002)
Sexi 0,0138⇤⇤⇤
(0,0000) 0,0323⇤⇤⇤
(0,0001) 0,0176⇤⇤⇤
(0,0000)
3SLS
Robustesse
Tableau 5 – Estimations du modèle par la méthode 3SLS
postpost prepre postpre
ln(Vij)
ln(Vji) 0,452⇤⇤⇤
(0,0013) 0,243⇤⇤⇤
(0,0010) 0,270⇤⇤⇤
(0,0011)
ln(Sij ) 1,257⇤⇤⇤
(0,0057) -0,0389⇤⇤⇤
(0,0043) 0,670⇤⇤⇤
(0,0058)
ln(Sji) -1,224⇤⇤⇤
(0,0056) -0,133⇤⇤⇤
(0,0041) -0,364⇤⇤⇤
(0,0047)
ln(V lagi) 0,0278⇤⇤⇤
(0,0004) 0,0391⇤⇤⇤
(0,0003) 0,0419⇤⇤⇤
(0,0004)
ln(Slagi) -0,0163⇤⇤⇤
(0,0008) 0,00408⇤⇤⇤
(0,0007) -0,0310⇤⇤⇤
(0,0009)
V exi 0,115⇤⇤⇤
(0,0002) 0,248⇤⇤⇤
(0,0003) 0,118⇤⇤⇤
(0,0002)
V ini 0,0178⇤⇤⇤
(0,0003) 0,00977⇤⇤⇤
(0,0004) 0,0243⇤⇤⇤
(0,0003)
ln(Vji)
ln(Vij ) 0,456⇤⇤⇤
(0,0013) 0,243⇤⇤⇤
(0,0010) 0,300⇤⇤⇤
(0,0014)
ln(Sji) 1,290⇤⇤⇤
(0,0057) -0,0625⇤⇤⇤
(0,0043) -0,0265⇤⇤⇤
(0,0046)
ln(Sij ) -1,240⇤⇤⇤
(0,0056) -0,118⇤⇤⇤
(0,0041) -0,394⇤⇤⇤
(0,0054)
ln(V lagj ) 0,0286⇤⇤⇤
(0,0004) 0,0398⇤⇤⇤
(0,0003) 0,0370⇤⇤⇤
(0,0003)
ln(Slagj ) -0,0164⇤⇤⇤
(0,0008) 0,00265⇤⇤⇤
(0,0007) 0,0148⇤⇤⇤
(0,0007)
V exj 0,115⇤⇤⇤
(0,0002) 0,248⇤⇤⇤
(0,0003) 0,228⇤⇤⇤
(0,0003)
V inj 0,0166⇤⇤⇤
(0,0003) 0,0113⇤⇤⇤
(0,0004) 0,0118⇤⇤⇤
(0,0004)
ln(Sij)
ln(Sji) 0,713⇤⇤⇤
(0,0011) 0,645⇤⇤⇤
(0,0008) 0,602⇤⇤⇤
(0,0008)
ln(Vij ) 0,0682⇤⇤⇤
(0,0003) 0,0144⇤⇤⇤
(0,0003) 0,0389⇤⇤⇤
(0,0003)
ln(Vji) -0,0657⇤⇤⇤
(0,0003) -0,0135⇤⇤⇤
(0,0003) -0,0196⇤⇤⇤
(0,0002)
Sexi 0,0138⇤⇤⇤
(0,0000) 0,0323⇤⇤⇤
(0,0001) 0,0176⇤⇤⇤
(0,0000)
3SLS
Conclusion
voix / SMS
• postpayé
• prépayé
Conclusion
voix / SMS
1,53%
0,72 %
+
Conclusion
voix / SMS
Conclusion
voix / SMS
Tarification ?
Conclusion
voix / SMS
Tarification ? Externalités ?
Conclusion
émission / réception
•Mais faible
Conclusion
+
émission / réception
•Mais faible
Conclusion
« Crowding-out effect » ?
+
Conclusion
Conclusion
Prudence
Conclusion
Prudence
Analyse de marché
Conclusion
Prudence
Analyse de marché
Tarification des terminaisons
Limitations
Limitations
Tarifs
Limitations
Tarifs
On-net
Merci pour votre attention :)

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Voix VS SMS, Une analyse par les relations individuelles

  • 1. VOIX VS TEXTE Une analyse par les relations individuelles Thomas Cadet JMA 05 /06/2014
  • 2. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Aliquam leo elit, vestibulum nec rhoncus scelerisque, molestie vel justo. Aenean non turpis at nunc rutrum congue vitae quis velit. Proin fermentum faucibus sapien, sed scelerisque dolor lobortis nec. Suspendisse ac quam dignissim elit egestas mattis a at eros. Suspendisse molestie magna libero, fringilla facilisis nisl accumsan eget. Nunc vel pulvinar ante. Proin vel porttitor metus. Mauris quis consectetur dolor. Nunc orci nisi, facilisis quis imperdiet scelerisque, venenatis eget augue. Curabitur egestas ullamcorper mauris, auctor aliquam urna porttitor vel. Pellentesque ornare ultrices urna. Phasellus in rutrum quam. Nulla adipiscing id nulla vitae posuere. Aliquam rhoncus hendrerit ante, at vestibulum lectus venenatis sed. In vestibulum risus vel est varius, a tempor purus porttitor. Aliquam eu dapibus magna.
  • 3. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Aliquam leo elit, vestibulum nec rhoncus scelerisque, molestie vel justo. Aenean non turpis at nunc rutrum congue vitae quis velit. Proin fermentum faucibus sapien, sed scelerisque dolor lobortis nec. Suspendisse ac quam dignissim elit egestas mattis a at eros. Suspendisse molestie magna libero, fringilla facilisis nisl accumsan eget. Nunc vel pulvinar ante. Proin vel porttitor metus. Mauris quis consectetur dolor. Nunc orci nisi, facilisis quis imperdiet scelerisque, venenatis eget augue. Curabitur egestas ullamcorper mauris, auctor aliquam urna porttitor vel. Pellentesque ornare ultrices urna. Phasellus in rutrum quam. Nulla adipiscing id nulla vitae posuere. Aliquam rhoncus hendrerit ante, at vestibulum lectus venenatis sed. In vestibulum risus vel est varius, a tempor purus porttitor. Aliquam eu dapibus magna. 33,4 Minutes 45 SMS source : ARCEP
  • 4. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Aliquam leo elit, vestibulum nec rhoncus scelerisque, molestie vel justo. Aenean non turpis at nunc rutrum congue vitae quis velit. Proin fermentum faucibus sapien, sed scelerisque dolor lobortis nec. Suspendisse ac quam dignissim elit egestas mattis a at eros. Suspendisse molestie magna libero, fringilla facilisis nisl accumsan eget. Nunc vel pulvinar ante. Proin vel porttitor metus. Mauris quis consectetur dolor. Nunc orci nisi, facilisis quis imperdiet scelerisque, venenatis eget augue. Curabitur egestas ullamcorper mauris, auctor aliquam urna porttitor vel. Pellentesque ornare ultrices urna. Phasellus in rutrum quam. Nulla adipiscing id nulla vitae posuere. Aliquam rhoncus hendrerit ante, at vestibulum lectus venenatis sed. In vestibulum risus vel est varius, a tempor purus porttitor. Aliquam eu dapibus magna.
  • 5. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Aliquam leo elit, vestibulum nec rhoncus scelerisque, molestie vel justo. Aenean non turpis at nunc rutrum congue vitae quis velit. Proin fermentum faucibus sapien, sed scelerisque dolor lobortis nec. Suspendisse ac quam dignissim elit egestas mattis a at eros. Suspendisse molestie magna libero, fringilla facilisis nisl accumsan eget. Nunc vel pulvinar ante. Proin vel porttitor metus. Mauris quis consectetur dolor. Nunc orci nisi, facilisis quis imperdiet scelerisque, venenatis eget augue. Curabitur egestas ullamcorper mauris, auctor aliquam urna porttitor vel. Pellentesque ornare ultrices urna. Phasellus in rutrum quam. Nulla adipiscing id nulla vitae posuere. Aliquam rhoncus hendrerit ante, at vestibulum lectus venenatis sed. In vestibulum risus vel est varius, a tempor purus porttitor. Aliquam eu dapibus magna. ?
  • 8. Grzybowski, L., et Pereira, P. (2008) Méthode Tobit (RE) Données individuelles
  • 9. Grzybowski, L., et Pereira, P. (2008) Méthode Tobit (RE) Données individuelles Résultat Compléments
  • 10. Kim, Y., Telang, R., Vogt, W. B., et Krishnan, R. (2010) Méthode Modèle Structurel Prix
  • 11. Kim, Y., Telang, R., Vogt, W. B., et Krishnan, R. (2010) Méthode Modèle Structurel Prix Résultats Faibles substituts
  • 12. Andersson, K., Foros, Ø., et Steen, F. (2009). Méthode Modèle log-lineaire 2SLS
  • 13. Andersson, K., Foros, Ø., et Steen, F. (2009). Méthode Modèle log-lineaire 2SLS Résultats Substituts
  • 14. Andersson, K., Foros, Ø., et Steen, F. (2009). Méthode Modèle log-lineaire 2SLS Résultats Substituts Compléments
  • 15. ?
  • 19. 1
  • 21. Grzybowski et Pereira, (2008) AGCOM Kim,Telang,Vogt, et Krishnan (2010) ARCEP PrépayéPostpayé 1
  • 22. Grzybowski et Pereira, (2008) AGCOM Kim,Telang,Vogt, et Krishnan (2010) ARCEP PrépayéPostpayé Type de contrat ? 1
  • 23. 2
  • 24. 2
  • 25. 2
  • 26. 2
  • 27. 2
  • 31. voix / SMS •pour les postpayés+ Résultats
  • 32. voix / SMS •pour les postpayés •pour les prépayés + Résultats
  • 34.
  • 42. Problème de maximisation d’optimisation auquel le consommateur i fa ors : Max Ui(Iij; Xi) s.l.c Iij = f(qij, qji) Ri = pi(qij) + Xi nt Xi dans la fonction d’utilité grâce à la co é émise par l’individu i vers j va être optimal i
  • 43. Problème de maximisation d’optimisation auquel le consommateur i fa ors : Max Ui(Iij; Xi) s.l.c Iij = f(qij, qji) Ri = pi(qij) + Xi nt Xi dans la fonction d’utilité grâce à la co é émise par l’individu i vers j va être optimal @f @qij = pi i
  • 45. q⇤ ij = q⇤ ij(q⇤ ji, pi) Solution i
  • 46. q⇤ ij = q⇤ ij(q⇤ ji, pi) Solution i q⇤ ji = q⇤ ji(q⇤ ij, pj) j
  • 50. Focus
  • 53. « on-net » 23semaines 1 020 273relations Focus
  • 54. Modèle économétrique Vij,t = ↵0 + ↵1Vji,t + ↵2Pv,i + ↵3Sij,t + ↵4Sji,t + uij + ✏ij,t
  • 59. prix contrat sexe âge « Within » Hétérogénéité des relations
  • 60. prix contrat sexe âge prix contrat sexe âge « Within » Hétérogénéité des relations
  • 62. 2SLS Sortant | Entrant Voix | SMS Simultanéité
  • 63. ln(Vij,t) = ↵1 ln(Vji,t) + ↵2 ln(Sji,t) + ↵4 ln(Sij,t) + ↵3 ln(Sij,t) ⇤ prepayei + ↵5 ln(V lagi,t) + ↵6 ln(Slagi,t) + ↵7 ln(V exi,t) + ↵8 ln(V ini,t) + P25 z=1 ⇡Dz + ✏ij,t Finalement
  • 64. ln(Vij,t) = ↵1 ln(Vji,t) + ↵2 ln(Sji,t) + ↵4 ln(Sij,t) + ↵3 ln(Sij,t) ⇤ prepayei + ↵5 ln(V lagi,t) + ↵6 ln(Slagi,t) + ↵7 ln(V exi,t) + ↵8 ln(V ini,t) + P25 z=1 ⇡Dz + ✏ij,t Finalement
  • 65. ln(Vij,t) = ↵1 ln(Vji,t) + ↵2 ln(Sji,t) + ↵4 ln(Sij,t) + ↵3 ln(Sij,t) ⇤ prepayei + ↵5 ln(V lagi,t) + ↵6 ln(Slagi,t) + ↵7 ln(V exi,t) + ↵8 ln(V ini,t) + P25 z=1 ⇡Dz + ✏ij,t Finalement
  • 66. ln(Vij,t) = ↵1 ln(Vji,t) + ↵2 ln(Sji,t) + ↵4 ln(Sij,t) + ↵3 ln(Sij,t) ⇤ prepayei + ↵5 ln(V lagi,t) + ↵6 ln(Slagi,t) + ↵7 ln(V exi,t) + ↵8 ln(V ini,t) + P25 z=1 ⇡Dz + ✏ij,t Finalement
  • 67. ln(Vij,t) = ↵1 ln(Vji,t) + ↵2 ln(Sji,t) + ↵4 ln(Sij,t) + ↵3 ln(Sij,t) ⇤ prepayei + ↵5 ln(V lagi,t) + ↵6 ln(Slagi,t) + ↵7 ln(V exi,t) + ↵8 ln(V ini,t) + P25 z=1 ⇡Dz + ✏ij,t Finalement
  • 68. Résultats et par type de contrat des deux interlocuteurs (postpost, postpre, prepre, prepost) 20 . Tableau 4.4 – Résultats des estimation du modèles FE IVFE postpost prepre postpre prepost ln(Vji) 0.149⇤⇤⇤ 0.289⇤⇤⇤ 0.401⇤⇤⇤ 0.250⇤⇤⇤ 0.273⇤⇤⇤ 0.304⇤⇤⇤ (0.000280) (0.000827) (0.00144) (0.00114) (0.00114) (0.00156) ln(Sij) 0.447⇤⇤⇤ 1.535⇤⇤⇤ 0.408⇤⇤⇤ -0.00229 0.319⇤⇤⇤ -0.0696⇤⇤⇤ (0.00155) (0.0225) (0.00634) (0.00445) (0.00646) (0.00496) ln(Sij) ⇤ prepayei -0.253⇤⇤⇤ -2.260⇤⇤⇤ (0.00171) (0.0358) ln(Sji) 0.0887⇤⇤⇤ -0.119⇤⇤⇤ -0.246⇤⇤⇤ -0.0863⇤⇤⇤ -0.0175⇤⇤⇤ -0.168⇤⇤⇤ (0.00107) (0.00319) (0.00609) (0.00421) (0.00502) (0.00568) ln(V lagi) 0.0413⇤⇤⇤ 0.0478⇤⇤⇤ 0.0282⇤⇤⇤ 0.0390⇤⇤⇤ 0.0440⇤⇤⇤ 0.0375⇤⇤⇤ (0.000298) (0.000288) (0.000471) (0.000369) (0.000514) (0.000336) ln(Slagi) -0.0335⇤⇤⇤ -0.00373⇤⇤⇤ -0.0320⇤⇤⇤ 0.00932⇤⇤⇤ -0.0394⇤⇤⇤ 0.0169⇤⇤⇤ (0.000522) (0.000565) (0.000957) (0.000819) (0.00101) (0.000742) V exi 0.187⇤⇤⇤ 0.168⇤⇤⇤ 0.151⇤⇤⇤ 0.259⇤⇤⇤ 0.137⇤⇤⇤ 0.243⇤⇤⇤ (0.00114) (0.000522) (0.000792) (0.000439) (0.000769) (0.000402) V ini -0.0283⇤⇤⇤ -0.0449⇤⇤⇤ -0.0545⇤⇤⇤ -0.0460⇤⇤⇤ -0.0301⇤⇤⇤ -0.0596⇤⇤⇤ (0.000635) (0.000339) (0.000572) (0.000484) (0.000578) (0.000523) Dummies Temps Oui Oui Oui Oui Oui Oui Observations 25506825 25506825 9974175 6952900 8579750 8579750 R2 0.250 -0.013 0.082 0.129 0.083 0.079 ll -52223894.5 -54183913.4 -20951310.3 -14020000.2 -17939818.8 -17424092.5 Écart-type Robustes entre parenthèses ⇤ p < 0.05, ⇤⇤ p < 0.01, ⇤⇤⇤ p < 0.001
  • 69. Résultats et par type de contrat des deux interlocuteurs (postpost, postpre, prepre, prepost) 20 . Tableau 4.4 – Résultats des estimation du modèles FE IVFE postpost prepre postpre prepost ln(Vji) 0.149⇤⇤⇤ 0.289⇤⇤⇤ 0.401⇤⇤⇤ 0.250⇤⇤⇤ 0.273⇤⇤⇤ 0.304⇤⇤⇤ (0.000280) (0.000827) (0.00144) (0.00114) (0.00114) (0.00156) ln(Sij) 0.447⇤⇤⇤ 1.535⇤⇤⇤ 0.408⇤⇤⇤ -0.00229 0.319⇤⇤⇤ -0.0696⇤⇤⇤ (0.00155) (0.0225) (0.00634) (0.00445) (0.00646) (0.00496) ln(Sij) ⇤ prepayei -0.253⇤⇤⇤ -2.260⇤⇤⇤ (0.00171) (0.0358) ln(Sji) 0.0887⇤⇤⇤ -0.119⇤⇤⇤ -0.246⇤⇤⇤ -0.0863⇤⇤⇤ -0.0175⇤⇤⇤ -0.168⇤⇤⇤ (0.00107) (0.00319) (0.00609) (0.00421) (0.00502) (0.00568) ln(V lagi) 0.0413⇤⇤⇤ 0.0478⇤⇤⇤ 0.0282⇤⇤⇤ 0.0390⇤⇤⇤ 0.0440⇤⇤⇤ 0.0375⇤⇤⇤ (0.000298) (0.000288) (0.000471) (0.000369) (0.000514) (0.000336) ln(Slagi) -0.0335⇤⇤⇤ -0.00373⇤⇤⇤ -0.0320⇤⇤⇤ 0.00932⇤⇤⇤ -0.0394⇤⇤⇤ 0.0169⇤⇤⇤ (0.000522) (0.000565) (0.000957) (0.000819) (0.00101) (0.000742) V exi 0.187⇤⇤⇤ 0.168⇤⇤⇤ 0.151⇤⇤⇤ 0.259⇤⇤⇤ 0.137⇤⇤⇤ 0.243⇤⇤⇤ (0.00114) (0.000522) (0.000792) (0.000439) (0.000769) (0.000402) V ini -0.0283⇤⇤⇤ -0.0449⇤⇤⇤ -0.0545⇤⇤⇤ -0.0460⇤⇤⇤ -0.0301⇤⇤⇤ -0.0596⇤⇤⇤ (0.000635) (0.000339) (0.000572) (0.000484) (0.000578) (0.000523) Dummies Temps Oui Oui Oui Oui Oui Oui Observations 25506825 25506825 9974175 6952900 8579750 8579750 R2 0.250 -0.013 0.082 0.129 0.083 0.079 ll -52223894.5 -54183913.4 -20951310.3 -14020000.2 -17939818.8 -17424092.5 Écart-type Robustes entre parenthèses ⇤ p < 0.05, ⇤⇤ p < 0.01, ⇤⇤⇤ p < 0.001
  • 70. Résultats et par type de contrat des deux interlocuteurs (postpost, postpre, prepre, prepost) 20 . Tableau 4.4 – Résultats des estimation du modèles FE IVFE postpost prepre postpre prepost ln(Vji) 0.149⇤⇤⇤ 0.289⇤⇤⇤ 0.401⇤⇤⇤ 0.250⇤⇤⇤ 0.273⇤⇤⇤ 0.304⇤⇤⇤ (0.000280) (0.000827) (0.00144) (0.00114) (0.00114) (0.00156) ln(Sij) 0.447⇤⇤⇤ 1.535⇤⇤⇤ 0.408⇤⇤⇤ -0.00229 0.319⇤⇤⇤ -0.0696⇤⇤⇤ (0.00155) (0.0225) (0.00634) (0.00445) (0.00646) (0.00496) ln(Sij) ⇤ prepayei -0.253⇤⇤⇤ -2.260⇤⇤⇤ (0.00171) (0.0358) ln(Sji) 0.0887⇤⇤⇤ -0.119⇤⇤⇤ -0.246⇤⇤⇤ -0.0863⇤⇤⇤ -0.0175⇤⇤⇤ -0.168⇤⇤⇤ (0.00107) (0.00319) (0.00609) (0.00421) (0.00502) (0.00568) ln(V lagi) 0.0413⇤⇤⇤ 0.0478⇤⇤⇤ 0.0282⇤⇤⇤ 0.0390⇤⇤⇤ 0.0440⇤⇤⇤ 0.0375⇤⇤⇤ (0.000298) (0.000288) (0.000471) (0.000369) (0.000514) (0.000336) ln(Slagi) -0.0335⇤⇤⇤ -0.00373⇤⇤⇤ -0.0320⇤⇤⇤ 0.00932⇤⇤⇤ -0.0394⇤⇤⇤ 0.0169⇤⇤⇤ (0.000522) (0.000565) (0.000957) (0.000819) (0.00101) (0.000742) V exi 0.187⇤⇤⇤ 0.168⇤⇤⇤ 0.151⇤⇤⇤ 0.259⇤⇤⇤ 0.137⇤⇤⇤ 0.243⇤⇤⇤ (0.00114) (0.000522) (0.000792) (0.000439) (0.000769) (0.000402) V ini -0.0283⇤⇤⇤ -0.0449⇤⇤⇤ -0.0545⇤⇤⇤ -0.0460⇤⇤⇤ -0.0301⇤⇤⇤ -0.0596⇤⇤⇤ (0.000635) (0.000339) (0.000572) (0.000484) (0.000578) (0.000523) Dummies Temps Oui Oui Oui Oui Oui Oui Observations 25506825 25506825 9974175 6952900 8579750 8579750 R2 0.250 -0.013 0.082 0.129 0.083 0.079 ll -52223894.5 -54183913.4 -20951310.3 -14020000.2 -17939818.8 -17424092.5 Écart-type Robustes entre parenthèses ⇤ p < 0.05, ⇤⇤ p < 0.01, ⇤⇤⇤ p < 0.001
  • 71. Résultats et par type de contrat des deux interlocuteurs (postpost, postpre, prepre, prepost) 20 . Tableau 4.4 – Résultats des estimation du modèles FE IVFE postpost prepre postpre prepost ln(Vji) 0.149⇤⇤⇤ 0.289⇤⇤⇤ 0.401⇤⇤⇤ 0.250⇤⇤⇤ 0.273⇤⇤⇤ 0.304⇤⇤⇤ (0.000280) (0.000827) (0.00144) (0.00114) (0.00114) (0.00156) ln(Sij) 0.447⇤⇤⇤ 1.535⇤⇤⇤ 0.408⇤⇤⇤ -0.00229 0.319⇤⇤⇤ -0.0696⇤⇤⇤ (0.00155) (0.0225) (0.00634) (0.00445) (0.00646) (0.00496) ln(Sij) ⇤ prepayei -0.253⇤⇤⇤ -2.260⇤⇤⇤ (0.00171) (0.0358) ln(Sji) 0.0887⇤⇤⇤ -0.119⇤⇤⇤ -0.246⇤⇤⇤ -0.0863⇤⇤⇤ -0.0175⇤⇤⇤ -0.168⇤⇤⇤ (0.00107) (0.00319) (0.00609) (0.00421) (0.00502) (0.00568) ln(V lagi) 0.0413⇤⇤⇤ 0.0478⇤⇤⇤ 0.0282⇤⇤⇤ 0.0390⇤⇤⇤ 0.0440⇤⇤⇤ 0.0375⇤⇤⇤ (0.000298) (0.000288) (0.000471) (0.000369) (0.000514) (0.000336) ln(Slagi) -0.0335⇤⇤⇤ -0.00373⇤⇤⇤ -0.0320⇤⇤⇤ 0.00932⇤⇤⇤ -0.0394⇤⇤⇤ 0.0169⇤⇤⇤ (0.000522) (0.000565) (0.000957) (0.000819) (0.00101) (0.000742) V exi 0.187⇤⇤⇤ 0.168⇤⇤⇤ 0.151⇤⇤⇤ 0.259⇤⇤⇤ 0.137⇤⇤⇤ 0.243⇤⇤⇤ (0.00114) (0.000522) (0.000792) (0.000439) (0.000769) (0.000402) V ini -0.0283⇤⇤⇤ -0.0449⇤⇤⇤ -0.0545⇤⇤⇤ -0.0460⇤⇤⇤ -0.0301⇤⇤⇤ -0.0596⇤⇤⇤ (0.000635) (0.000339) (0.000572) (0.000484) (0.000578) (0.000523) Dummies Temps Oui Oui Oui Oui Oui Oui Observations 25506825 25506825 9974175 6952900 8579750 8579750 R2 0.250 -0.013 0.082 0.129 0.083 0.079 ll -52223894.5 -54183913.4 -20951310.3 -14020000.2 -17939818.8 -17424092.5 Écart-type Robustes entre parenthèses ⇤ p < 0.05, ⇤⇤ p < 0.01, ⇤⇤⇤ p < 0.001
  • 72. Robustesse Tableau 5 – Estimations du modèle par la méthode 3SLS postpost prepre postpre ln(Vij) ln(Vji) 0,452⇤⇤⇤ (0,0013) 0,243⇤⇤⇤ (0,0010) 0,270⇤⇤⇤ (0,0011) ln(Sij ) 1,257⇤⇤⇤ (0,0057) -0,0389⇤⇤⇤ (0,0043) 0,670⇤⇤⇤ (0,0058) ln(Sji) -1,224⇤⇤⇤ (0,0056) -0,133⇤⇤⇤ (0,0041) -0,364⇤⇤⇤ (0,0047) ln(V lagi) 0,0278⇤⇤⇤ (0,0004) 0,0391⇤⇤⇤ (0,0003) 0,0419⇤⇤⇤ (0,0004) ln(Slagi) -0,0163⇤⇤⇤ (0,0008) 0,00408⇤⇤⇤ (0,0007) -0,0310⇤⇤⇤ (0,0009) V exi 0,115⇤⇤⇤ (0,0002) 0,248⇤⇤⇤ (0,0003) 0,118⇤⇤⇤ (0,0002) V ini 0,0178⇤⇤⇤ (0,0003) 0,00977⇤⇤⇤ (0,0004) 0,0243⇤⇤⇤ (0,0003) ln(Vji) ln(Vij ) 0,456⇤⇤⇤ (0,0013) 0,243⇤⇤⇤ (0,0010) 0,300⇤⇤⇤ (0,0014) ln(Sji) 1,290⇤⇤⇤ (0,0057) -0,0625⇤⇤⇤ (0,0043) -0,0265⇤⇤⇤ (0,0046) ln(Sij ) -1,240⇤⇤⇤ (0,0056) -0,118⇤⇤⇤ (0,0041) -0,394⇤⇤⇤ (0,0054) ln(V lagj ) 0,0286⇤⇤⇤ (0,0004) 0,0398⇤⇤⇤ (0,0003) 0,0370⇤⇤⇤ (0,0003) ln(Slagj ) -0,0164⇤⇤⇤ (0,0008) 0,00265⇤⇤⇤ (0,0007) 0,0148⇤⇤⇤ (0,0007) V exj 0,115⇤⇤⇤ (0,0002) 0,248⇤⇤⇤ (0,0003) 0,228⇤⇤⇤ (0,0003) V inj 0,0166⇤⇤⇤ (0,0003) 0,0113⇤⇤⇤ (0,0004) 0,0118⇤⇤⇤ (0,0004) ln(Sij) ln(Sji) 0,713⇤⇤⇤ (0,0011) 0,645⇤⇤⇤ (0,0008) 0,602⇤⇤⇤ (0,0008) ln(Vij ) 0,0682⇤⇤⇤ (0,0003) 0,0144⇤⇤⇤ (0,0003) 0,0389⇤⇤⇤ (0,0003) ln(Vji) -0,0657⇤⇤⇤ (0,0003) -0,0135⇤⇤⇤ (0,0003) -0,0196⇤⇤⇤ (0,0002) Sexi 0,0138⇤⇤⇤ (0,0000) 0,0323⇤⇤⇤ (0,0001) 0,0176⇤⇤⇤ (0,0000) 3SLS
  • 73. Robustesse Tableau 5 – Estimations du modèle par la méthode 3SLS postpost prepre postpre ln(Vij) ln(Vji) 0,452⇤⇤⇤ (0,0013) 0,243⇤⇤⇤ (0,0010) 0,270⇤⇤⇤ (0,0011) ln(Sij ) 1,257⇤⇤⇤ (0,0057) -0,0389⇤⇤⇤ (0,0043) 0,670⇤⇤⇤ (0,0058) ln(Sji) -1,224⇤⇤⇤ (0,0056) -0,133⇤⇤⇤ (0,0041) -0,364⇤⇤⇤ (0,0047) ln(V lagi) 0,0278⇤⇤⇤ (0,0004) 0,0391⇤⇤⇤ (0,0003) 0,0419⇤⇤⇤ (0,0004) ln(Slagi) -0,0163⇤⇤⇤ (0,0008) 0,00408⇤⇤⇤ (0,0007) -0,0310⇤⇤⇤ (0,0009) V exi 0,115⇤⇤⇤ (0,0002) 0,248⇤⇤⇤ (0,0003) 0,118⇤⇤⇤ (0,0002) V ini 0,0178⇤⇤⇤ (0,0003) 0,00977⇤⇤⇤ (0,0004) 0,0243⇤⇤⇤ (0,0003) ln(Vji) ln(Vij ) 0,456⇤⇤⇤ (0,0013) 0,243⇤⇤⇤ (0,0010) 0,300⇤⇤⇤ (0,0014) ln(Sji) 1,290⇤⇤⇤ (0,0057) -0,0625⇤⇤⇤ (0,0043) -0,0265⇤⇤⇤ (0,0046) ln(Sij ) -1,240⇤⇤⇤ (0,0056) -0,118⇤⇤⇤ (0,0041) -0,394⇤⇤⇤ (0,0054) ln(V lagj ) 0,0286⇤⇤⇤ (0,0004) 0,0398⇤⇤⇤ (0,0003) 0,0370⇤⇤⇤ (0,0003) ln(Slagj ) -0,0164⇤⇤⇤ (0,0008) 0,00265⇤⇤⇤ (0,0007) 0,0148⇤⇤⇤ (0,0007) V exj 0,115⇤⇤⇤ (0,0002) 0,248⇤⇤⇤ (0,0003) 0,228⇤⇤⇤ (0,0003) V inj 0,0166⇤⇤⇤ (0,0003) 0,0113⇤⇤⇤ (0,0004) 0,0118⇤⇤⇤ (0,0004) ln(Sij) ln(Sji) 0,713⇤⇤⇤ (0,0011) 0,645⇤⇤⇤ (0,0008) 0,602⇤⇤⇤ (0,0008) ln(Vij ) 0,0682⇤⇤⇤ (0,0003) 0,0144⇤⇤⇤ (0,0003) 0,0389⇤⇤⇤ (0,0003) ln(Vji) -0,0657⇤⇤⇤ (0,0003) -0,0135⇤⇤⇤ (0,0003) -0,0196⇤⇤⇤ (0,0002) Sexi 0,0138⇤⇤⇤ (0,0000) 0,0323⇤⇤⇤ (0,0001) 0,0176⇤⇤⇤ (0,0000) 3SLS
  • 80. émission / réception •Mais faible Conclusion +
  • 81. émission / réception •Mais faible Conclusion « Crowding-out effect » ? +
  • 89. Merci pour votre attention :)