Mazda Chapter 2 Vehicle Concepts Engine Rotary

Chapter: Alternative Vehicle Concepts The chapter gives an overview of working-principles and concepts of alternative drives and presents exemplary cars. The focus is on fuel cell vehicles.

Contents ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5

EURO emission standards Gasoline (emissions ins mg/km) Diesel (emissions in mg/km) Source: Aigle/Krien/Marz 2007, 19 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 Source: Aigle/Krien/Marz 2007, 19 I

EURO emission standards: Nitrogen- Oxides and Particles ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Nitrogen Oxides Particles Source: Aigle/Krien/Marz 2007,72 Source: Aigle/Krien/Marz 2007,77 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 B

California's Low-Emission-Act ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],LEV - Low Emission Vehicle ULEV - Ultra Low E. V SULEV - Super Ultra Low E. V. EZEV - Equivalent Zero E. V. PZEV1 - Partial Zero E. V. ZEV - Zero Emission Vehicle Data: Aigle/Krien/Marz 2007, 24 own Illustration Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 B

Overview Fuels ,[object Object],[object Object],Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 Source: Aigle/Krien/Marz 2007, 43 B

Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) Principle ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Nikolaus Otto Rudolph Diesel Source: Wikipedia 2007 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 B Source: WBZU 2007 Exhaust gases Exhaust valve Piston Cylinder Connecting rod Crankshaft Rotating direction Intake valve Sparking Plug fuel-air mixture Piston rings

A Example: DaimlerChrysler BlueTec. The cleanest Diesel ever known? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Mercedes E320 Bluetec Introduction US-market in 2007, (Permission in 45 States) Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 Discussion: Future of Diesel-engines? Established Technology versus alternative drives B

The Hydrogen ICE – A conventional drive with a new fuel ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Hydrogen7 from BMW Source: BMW 2006 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 Discussion: Most car manufacturer consider hydrogen in combination with fuel cells as the concept for the future. Why does BMW focuses on the H2-ICE ? B

Rotation-Engine: Principle ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Felix Wankel Source: HyCar 2006 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 Air-Intake Exhaust gases Eccentric shaft Electrical connected H2-injector nozzle B

A Example: Mazda's RX-8 Hydrogen RE The last “sign of life” of Wankel´s engine? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Mazda-RX8 Source: Mazda 2006 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 B

Hybrid Cars ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 Source: Manager-Magazin 2005 B

Hybrid Cars: Principles and concepts ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 Source: Aigle/Marz 2007, 65 B

Parallel and serial hybrids ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Source: Bady 2000 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 B

An example: Toyota Prius A success-story made in Japan ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Source: Toyota 2006 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 Toyota Prius B

Electric Vehicles ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Electric Vehicle von Trouve Source: Elektroauto-Tipp 2006 Part 1 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 B

Overview Traction-Batteries ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Source: Aigle/Marz 2006, 77 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 I

A example: Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution: Li-Ion Batteries and in-wheel motors ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution Source: Mitsubishi 2005 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 B

The Tesla Roadster ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],New Performance with Li-Ionen batteries! Source: Umweltbrief 2007 B

Fuel Cell Cars Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5

History of H2-Vehicles ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 B

Introduction: FC-Vehicles Types of fuel cells Source: Jörissen/Garche 200,17. Own additions Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 I

Introduction: Characteristics of fuel cell types <100°C Up to 1000°C Platinum metal 4-5.0 H 2 C n H m 40-50% 50-60% Reforming System Internal Ref. Seconds Hours Source: own illustration Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 I high At once Start-Up-Time low high Dynamic low high System complexity high low Cell efficiency less clean clean Gas specification less pure pure Catalyst high low Temperature SOFC MCFC PAFC PEFC / DMFC AFC

Which type for which application ? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Golden rule: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],PAFC MCFC SOFC But: Not rule without a exception ! Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 B PEFC (DMFC)

Concepts of fuel cell vehicles ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Source: Aigle/Marz 2006, 85 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 B

Main components of a H2-FCV 1: Electrical Engine. 2: Fuel-Cell System. 3: High-Pressure vessels. 4: High-voltage Battery. Fuel Cell A-Klasse of DaimlerChryler Source: Stauch 2005 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 B

Energy flow in a Fuel Cell Vehicle ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Source: Los Alamos 1999, 5 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 B

Methanol Fuel Cell Vehicles (NECAR V) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Source: Tillmetz/Benz 2006 Source: Tillmetz/Benz 2006 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 B

Flow chart of a Methanol FCV Source: Los Alamos 1999, 16 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 B

The fuel cell stack (Ballard) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Ballard MK902 Light Duty (LD) Ballard MK902 Heavy Duty (HD) Data: Budd 2006, 14-17, own illustration Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 B

Fuel Cell System Xcellsis TM HY-80 Power electronics Cooling pump System module Fuel Cell (80 kW) Control electronics Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 Source: Tillmetz/Benz 2006 B

Tank-System for compressed Hydrogen gas (CHG) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Source: Helmolt/Eberle 2007, 837 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 B

Tank-System for liquid hydrogen (LH2) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Source: Helmolt/Eberle 2007, 838 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 B

A example: DaimlerChryslers f-cell ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],F-cell DaimlerChrysler Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 Only water! B

GM´s Chevrolet Equinox Fuel Cell ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Source: Helmolt/Eberle 2007, 842 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 B

Comparison of Efficiency and CO 2 -Emission  Average efficiency (European Drive Cycle): Efficiencies: 36 % / 22 % CO 2 -Emissions (direct): 0 g/km / 177 g/km [ Km/h ] Source: Hermann/Winter 2003 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 B 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 0 50 100 150 200 [ Efficiency (%) ] ,[object Object],[object Object],1. Gear 2. Gear 3. Gear 4. Gear 5. Gear

Overall efficiency FC-car (example DC) 100 % l H 2 Data: Lamm 2002 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 B 37.7 % overall efficiency tank to whell 62.2 % FC-output 37.8 % Heat 45.8 % Converter output 16.4 % auxilliaries 37.7 % Wheel 8.1 % converter, motor, gear, differential

Fuel Cell Busses ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Source: Fuel Cell Bus Club 2004 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 Fuel Cell Bus “Citaro” B

H2 Filling Stations - worldwide Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 299 filling stations worldwide ! Source: H2stations.org by LBST (LBST 2007) B

H2 Filling Stations – Europe Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 Source: H2stations.org by LBST (LBST 2007) B

Sources I ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5

Sources II ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5

Mazda Chapter 2 Vehicle Concepts Engine Rotary

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