Europe Faces
Revolutions, Nationalism
& Arts in Europe
Chapter 24:2,3,4

Section 2: Europe Faces
Revolution
■ Main Idea: Liberal and national uprisings challenged
the old order of Europe (Absolute monarchs- kings and
queens)
■ Why it matters now? The system of nation-states
established in Europe during this period continues
today

1. Clashes of Philosophies
■ Littl
e
cha
nge
■ Cons
er-
vative
■ Change
■ Liber
al
■ Extr
eme
cha
nge
■ Radica
l
Who? Wealthy
property owners
& nobility
Want? Protecting
traditional
monarchs of
Europe
Who? Middle Class &
Merchants
Want? Give more
power to
Parliaments, but only
educated and
landowners can vote
Who? Majority
Want? Drastic
change to extend
democracy to all
people (fans of the
French Rev)

2. Nationalism Develops
As debates start about governments, a new movement begins=
NATIONALISM
= belief that people’s greatest loyalty should not be to a
king or queen, but to their nation of people
Nation-State=
when a nation has its
own independent
government
 
*In Europe by 1815 only
France, Spain and
England could be
considered nations
states

What creates nationalism?

3. Nationalists Challenge Conservative
Power
■ First to win self rule Greece (from the Ottomans in 1821)
■ Ottomans controlled the Balkans (part of Greece, Albania,
Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, and former Yugoslavia)

Greeks Gain
Independence
Greeks Gain
Independence
1830s Uprising Crush 1848 Revolutions Fail to
Unite
Greek independence
movement was popular
among many (including
Americans & educated
Europeans)
Who helps? Russians,
British, French
Uprisings included:
• Belgians against the
Dutch
• Nationalists in Italy
rebelling against the Pope
or Austria (who were
controlling them)
• Poles against the
Russians
Ethnic uprisings erupted
throughout Europe
Uprisings failed (Austria,
Hungary, Prague)
Conservatives gained
control

4. Radicals Changes
France
■ 1830- King Charles X tried to return France
to a monarchy (failed)
■ The Thirds Republic= 1848, mobs
overthrew king and started another republic
■ New Republican government could not
agree, split into factions, riots in streets
■ Results: A moderate Constitution was drawn
up (called for a parliament + elected strong
president)

France Accepts a Strong Ruler
■ Louis-Napoleon= nephew of
Napoleon Bonaparte, won
election of 1848, 4 years later
took the title of Emperor
Napoleon III
■ Accomplishments: railroads,
encouraged industrialization,
public work projects,
unemployment decreased

5. Reforms in Russia
■ Conditio
ns in
Russia
■ Defeat
Brings
Change
■ Reform
&
Reaction

Ch 24:3: Nationalism (Case Study: Italy & Germany)
■ Main Idea: Nationalism contributed to the formation
of 2 new nations and a new political order in
Europe
■ Why it matters? Nationalism is the basis of world
politics today and has often caused conflicts and
wars

1. Nationalism: A Force for United
or Disunity
■ Background: During the 1800s,
nationalism field efforts to build nation-
states
■ Nationalists were NOT loyal to the kings,
but their people (those who shared
common beliefs)

1. Nationalism: A Force for United
or Disunity
Italy Germany
Austria Russia Ottoman
Empire

What happens because of
nationalism?
■ Unite
s
■ Break
up

AUSTRIA- breakup
■Hapsburgs
■ Brought together many nations
■ (Hungarians, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks,
Serbs, Italians….etc)
■ Austro-Prussian War
■ (Prussia wins, pressured by Austrian
Emperor to split his empire in ½)
■ Austria-Hungary
■ (aka Austro-
Hungary
■ After WW1,
broke up into
several
nation-states

Austria + Hungary=Austria-
Hungary

RUSSIA
■Czars■ Rules large empire:
■ (Ukraine,Poland, Lithuanians, Latvians,
Estonia's, Finns, Jews…etc)- each group had
it’s own culture
■ RUSSIFICATION
■ (forcing Russian culture on all)
■ Strengthened ETHNIC
NATIONALIST feelings
■ Czar
weakens
■ 1917- last
Czar gave
up power

Russification in Estonia

OTTOMAN EMPIRE
■ Turks large empire
■ (Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians,
Armenians)
■ Granted CITIZENSHIP to all people
under their rule (pressured by British
& French)
■ Angered conservative
Turks (who wanted no
change- caused
TENSION)
■ Broke up after
WW1

ITALY(1/2)
■ Model for Italy= Piedmont-Sardinia
(state in Italy)
■ Camillo di Cavour= named
prime minister by Sardinia’s king (Victor
Emanuel II)
■ Cavour’s Goal:
■ Expanded Piedmont-Sardinia’s power
■ Goal- united all Italy under Sardinian
rule
■ Problem- Austria is controlling north
Italy
■ What he did? Provoke a war with
Austria (France helped)
■ Result: Italy won northern Italy

Italy 2/2
■ Cavour secretly started to help a
nationalist rebel, GIUSEPPE
GARIBALDI, in southern Italy
■ Garibaldi always wore a red shirt into
battle- known as “RED SHIRTS”
■ Captured Sicily and march
northward
■ United northern and southern Italy,
and stepped down to let the
Sardinian king rule ALL of Italy
■ Rome came under Italian control
and it became the capital
■ Pope continued to govern from
Rome aka Vatican City

Tour of Vatican City

GERMANY
■ Bismark Unites Germany
■ German Confederation- 39
loosely grouped states
■ Prussia was ready to unify
all German states
■ Prussia Leads German
Unification:
■ Positive 1: Mainly German
population- nationalism
united them
■ Positive 2: Strong army
■ What did the people want?
A constitution for the
kingdom

GERMANY
■ Bismarck Takes Control:
■ Wilhelm 1 saw Parliament as a
threat to his army
■ JUNKERS- supported
wealthy landowning class, like
Wilhelm
■ OTTO von BISMARCK=
Junker, named prime minister,
master of REALPOLITIK (“the
politics of reality”- tough power
politics)
■ Bismarck said he would rule
without the consent of the
Parliament and without a budget
(broke the constitution)

Example: the Realpolitik of War (The
Real Reasons?)

Germany
■ Prussia Expands
■ Went to war with Austria to win
more land
■ Victory increased nationalism
■ Seven Years’ War
■ Dispute over newly won land
(with Austria)
■ Prussia wins
■ Took control of northern
Germany
■ The eastern and western parts
of Prussia united for the 1st time

Germany
■ Franco-Prussian War
■ Many German states remained
independent from Prussia
■ Southern Germans were Catholics
and didn’t like Prussian Protestants
■ Bismarck’s Plan- if German states
felt another outside pressure, they
would love to be ruled by Prussia
■ He manufactured “incidents” to
get what he wanted
■ Finally, Germans accepted Prussian
rule
■ King Wilhelm 1 was crowned
KAISER= emperor
■ Declared themselves the 2nd Reich
(Holy Roman Empire was the the 1st)

A Shift in Power
■ After the 1815 Congress of Vienna
there were 5 GREAT POWERS in
Europe
■ Britain*
■ France
■ Austria
■ Prussia Germany*
■ Russia
■ Wars of mid-1800s strengthened
some (*)

3 OPTIONS:
■ OPTION #1: Flash Cards (If you turn them in the day we get back
from break, +10 points extra credit)
■ OPTION #2: 24:2 on slides
■ OPTION #3: 24:4 in textbooks
■ Last 15-20 minutes: The Plague movie

Groups: 2-3 People
■ Create your own graphic notes organizer in
your blank “Section 4: Revolutions in the
Arts”
■ Consider:
■ What sections are mentioned?
■ How many?
■ What are the main ideas/people/inventions?

Section 4 Groups
■ 1. Each student will be assigned a number that correlates
with an aspect of the REVOLUTION OF ARTS
■ 2. Read your assigned section- summarize info
■ 3. Write a 2-4 bullet point summary of your section (Keep it
as simple as possible) and write this at the top of a blank
piece of paper
■ 4. On the second half of the paper, make a visual
representation of your section

Ch 24:Section 4: Revolutions in
the Arts
■ 1.
Romanticism
■ (Pages 698)
■ 2. Romantic
Literature
■ (698)
■ 3. Gothic
Novel
■ 4.
Composers/
■ 5. Realism
■ (700)
■ 6.
Photographe
rs
■ (700)
■ 7. Writers
■ (700-701)
■ 8.
Impressionis
m
■ (701)
■ 9. Life in the
Movement