2. JIAS ACADEMY 0313-7355727
www.onlychemistrydiscussion.blogspot.com
MCQs Of Chemistry From Past Papers
Q.1. Select the best option/answer and fill in the appropriate box on the Answer Sheet (20)
1. When an electron is brought from infinite distance close to the nucleus of the atom,
the energy of Electron-nucleus system?
a. increases to a smaller negative value
b. decreases to a greater negative value
c. decreases to a smaller positive value
d. increases to a greater positive value
2. The probability of finding the electron in the nucleus is:
a. 100% due to forces of attraction
b. finite for all orbitals
c. Zero for all orbitals
d. Zero for some orbitals and finite for others
3. When Zn metal is kept in CuSO4 solution, copper is precipitated and ZnSO4 is
formed because:
a. Atomic number of Zinc is smaller than copper
b. Atomic number of Zinc is larger than copper
c. Standard reduction potential of Zinc is more than that of copper
d. Standard reduction potential of Zinc is less than that of copper
4. Electrolytes when dissolved in water, dissociate into their constituent ions, the
degree of dissociation of an electrolyte increases with the:
a. Presence of a substance yielding common ion
b. Decreasing temperature
c. Decreasing concentration of electrolyte
d. Increasing concentration of electrolyte
5. There is a large positive entropy change for an exothermic reaction. It means that
the reaction will be:
a. possible at high temperatures only
b. impossible at all temperatures
c. possible at low temperatures only
d. possible at all temperatures
6. Which of the following statement is false?
a. the temperature of the system will fall if an exothermic reaction is isolated from
its surroundings
b. Energy is absorbed when one compound is converted into another with higher
heat content
c. the temperature of the system is likely to fall if heat is absorbed during the course
of a reaction
d. None of these
3. JIAS ACADEMY 0313-7355727
www.onlychemistrydiscussion.blogspot.com
7. The H_____ bond is strongest in:
a. S-H ……O
b. O-H …….S
c. F-H ……..O
d. F-H ……..S
8. Heavy water contains:
a. Large amount of salts
b. Deuterium
c. O18
d. O16
9. pH + pOH of a solution is:
a. 7
b. Zero
c. 14
d. -14
10. The compound that is not Lewis acid:
a. BF3
b. BaCl2
c. SnCl4
d. AlCl3
11. Strongest acid having Ka:
a. 104
b. 10-4
c. 1
d. 10-2
12. Ore of Aluminium:
a. Calamine
b. Dolomite
c. Bauxite
d. Limestone
13. Oxidation number of S in sulphuric acid:
a. Four
b. Six
c. Two
d. Eight
14. d-block elements form coordination compounds because of:
a. Small Cationic size
b. Large ionic Charge
c. Unfilled d-orbitals
d. Filled d-orbitals
4. JIAS ACADEMY 0313-7355727
www.onlychemistrydiscussion.blogspot.com
15. Brass is an alloy of:
a. Cu and Zn
b. Cu, Ni, Zn
c. Cu and Ni
d. Cu, Al, Zn
16. Urea is a high quality nitrogenous fertilizer with:
a. 76% nitrogen
b. 46% nitrogen
c. 66% nitrogen
d. 26% nitrogen
17. Diamond is:
a. Good conductor of electricity
b. Bad conductor of electricity
c. Bad conductor on heating
d. Good conductor on heating
18. Carbon monoxide is poisonous gas because it:
a. replaces oxygen from lungs
b. forms carboxy haemoglobin
c. Forms carbon dioxide with oxygen
d. has a sweet smell
19. Rust is:
a. FeO + Fe(OH)2
b. Fe2O3 + Fe(OH)2
c. Fe2O3
d. Fe2O3 + Fe(OH)3
20. Calcium Carbide reacts with water to give:
a. Methane
b. Ethylene
c. Acetylene
d. Ethane
Lecturer & Subject Specialist Chemistry Mcqs Sample Paper
21. Nuclear fusion, like nuclear fission:
(A) is a chain process
(B) is exoergic
(C) produces several radioactive products
(D) involves isotopes of heavy nuclei
22. Which of the following spectroscopy uses an energy source of around 70ev?
(A) Mass spectroscopy (B) NMR Spectroscopy (C) IR (D) Atomic absorption
23. If coordination number is 6, the radius ratio is:
(A) 0.155 (B) 0.414 (C) 0.225 (D) 0.7071
5. JIAS ACADEMY 0313-7355727
www.onlychemistrydiscussion.blogspot.com
24. The geometry and type of hybrid orbital present about the central atom in BF3 is
(A) Linear, is (B) Trigonal planner, sp2
(C) Tetrahedral, sp3
(D) Pyramidal, sp3
25. 30 P15 is unstable because:
(A) its n/p ratio is just 1 (B) it is odd-odd nuclear (C) its Z is odd (D) it is chemical
reactive
26. The structure that remains after an acid has given up proton is called:
(A) conjugate acid (B) conjugate base (C) conjugate salt (D) conjugate proton
27. In HB3 molecule the H-B-H bond angle is 1200. What kind of hybridization is
likely?
(A) sp (B) sp2
(C) sp3
(D) sp3
d
28. The circle temperature of water is higher than 02. because the H20 molecules have
(A) fewer electrons than 02 (B) Two covalent bonds (C) V-shape (D) Dipole moment
29. When a nucleus emits beta particles, the parent and daughter nuclei are:
(A) Isobars (B) Isotopes (C) Nuclear isomers (D) Isotones
30. The uranium-238 decays to thorium-234 process of :
(A) Alpha radiation (B) Beta radiation (C) Gamma radiation (D) Fission (E) Fusion
31. If pure P orbitals were used in forming the B-F bonds in BF3, angles 900 would be
expected. The actual observed bond angle is 1200. What concept might be useful in
explaining the observed angles?
(A) VSEPR theory (B) Ligend field theory (C) M.O theory (D) Hybridization
32. The complexes that contain less than three d-electrons are
(A) stable (B) inert (C) unstable (D) labile
33. A gas is said to behave like an ideal gas when the relation PV/T = Constant. When
do you expect a real gas to behave like ideal gas
(A) when the temperature is low
(B) when both the temperature and pressure are low
(C) when both temperature and pressure are high
(D) when the temperature is high and pressure is low
34. Which of the following units represent the largest amount of energy:
(A) Calorie (B) Joule (C) Erg (D) Electron Volt
35. If in the reaction of Flourine-19 with a neutron, nitrogen-16 is formed, what is the
other particle given off in the reactions.
(A) 10H (B) 24He (C) 10C (D) 11H
36. When two cubes are pressed over each other they unite to from one cube. Which of
the following force is responsible for holding them together:
(A) Vander wall’ s forces (B) Covalent attraction
(B) Hydrogen bond formation (D) Dipole-dipole interaction
37. If P pure orbitals are used in forming the C –H bond in CH4 angles of 900 would be
expected. The observed angles are 1090 each. What concept might be useful in
explaining the observed angles?
6. JIAS ACADEMY 0313-7355727
www.onlychemistrydiscussion.blogspot.com
(A) M.O Theory (B) Ligand field Theory (C) Hybridization (D) Crystal Field Theory
38. The high polymer of Ethylene is known as:
(A) Polytyene (B) Tyrene (C) Tetralene (D) Polythene
39. The formula of potassium cobaltinitrite is:
(A) K2 [ Co (NO)6 ] (B) K3 [ Co (NO2)6] (C) K [Co (NO2)6] (D) K3 [Co(NO)6]
40. An example of a nonstoichiometric compound
(A) Al2O3 (B) Fe3O4 (C) NiO2 (D) PbO
41. The radioactivity due to C-14 isotope (half life 6000 yrs) a sample of wood form an
ancient tomb was found to be nearly half of that fresh wood. The tomb is therefore
about
(A) 3000 yrs (B) 9000 yrs (C) 6000 yrs (D) 12000 yrs
42. Principal quantum number determines how far from the nucleus the is to be found
(A) proton (B) neutron (C) electron
43. Elements of s-block all have configmations
(A) ns1
/ ns2
(B) ns3
/ ns4 (C) ns5
ns
44. Bronsted acid is a proton
(A) accept (B) donor (C) none
45. The distance between the two successive crests or two successive troughs is called
(A) wave – length (B) frequency (C) wave number
46. Carbon dioxide molecule has
(A) bent structure (B) triangular structure (C) linear structure
47. Array of points which show how the constituent particles of a crystal are. Arranged
at different sits in 3 dimensional space is called
(A) space lattice (B) lattice array (C) crystal lattice
48. lonic hydrides are formed by elements of
(A) group-III A (B) group-II A (C) group-IA
49. Paramagnetic compounds are
(A) repelled (B) attracted (C) neither of them
50. The compounds having all the electrons paired are called
(A) Ferromagnetic (B) Diamagnetic (C) Paramagnetic
51. At equilibrium at specific temperature, presser exerted by the liquid is called
(A) Gaseous pressure (B) Vapour pressure (C) Solid pressure
52. A subtituent effect on an organic compound due to the permanent polarity of the
group is called
(A) inter pair effect (B) inductive effect (C) chelate effect
53. An orbital which possesses lower energy than alomic orbitals from which it is
formed is called
(A) Anti bonding (B) bonding (C) Addition
54. pH is the logarithm of the reciprocal of the
(A) hydrogen ion concentration (B) phosphorous ion concentration
7. JIAS ACADEMY 0313-7355727
www.onlychemistrydiscussion.blogspot.com
(C) phosphine ion concentration
55. A lewis structure is a representation of a molecule that shows the disposition of
(A) valence protons (B) valence electrons (C) valence neutrons
56. The hydrogen bond has
(A) electrostatic nature (B) neutral nature (C) coordinate nature
Chemistry Mcqs For CSS & PSC Exams
57. The geometry associated with sp3d2 hybridization is:
a. Octahedral (b) Tetrahedral (c) Trigonal planar (d) Trigonal biplanar
58. Which of the following molecules has a dipole movement?
a. CH4 (b) CO2 (c) H2O (d) CCl4
59. Which of the following represents the shape of NH3 molecule?
a. Trigonal planar (b) Angular (c) Trigonal Pyramidal (d) Tetrahedral
60. Which of the following is the largest ion?
a. Li+
(d) Na+
(c) Rb+
(b) Cs+
61. Which of the following represent different isotopes of the same element?
i. 12 protons, 11 neutrons, 12 electrons
ii. 11 protons, 12 neutrons, 11 electrons
iii. 10 protons, 12 neutrons, 12 electrons
iv. 11 protons, 12 neutrons, 10 electrons
v. 12 protons, 12 neutrons, 12 electrons
a. 1 and 5 (b) 2 and 4 (c) 2, 3, 4 and 5 (d) None of these
62. Which of the following represents the correct number of particles in 79 2
34 Se ?
a. 34 protons, 79 neutrons, 2 electrons
b. 34 protons, 45 neutrons, 32 electrons
c. 34 protons, 45 neutrons, 2 electrons
d. 34 protons, 45 neutrons, 36 electrons
63. When Pt and Co are electrically connected, which one is corroded:
a. Pt (b) Co (c) Both of these (d) None of these
64. What is the pH of 0.0001 M NaOH solution?
a. 4 (b) 10 (c) 5 (d) 14
65. What is the pH of 1.0 x 10 3M HCl solution?
a. 10 (b) 30 (c) 3 (d) 0.3
66. Which of the following is the correct equilibrium expression for the reaction
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3 g ?
a. [ 2NH3][N2+ 3H2] (b) [2NH3] / [N2][3H2]
c. [NH3]2
/ [N2][H2]3
(d) [NH3]2
/ [N2]+[H 2]3
67. Which of the following best describes how a catalyst works?
8. JIAS ACADEMY 0313-7355727
www.onlychemistrydiscussion.blogspot.com
a. It changes the potential energies of the reactants and products.
b. It decreases the temperature of the reaction which leads to a faster rate.
c. It lowers the activation energy for the reaction by providing a different reaction
mechanism.
d. It raises the activation energy for the reaction which produces a faster rate.
68. Which of the following will not act as Lewis acid;
a. AlCl3
b. BF3
c. FeBr3
d. CCl4
69. Which of the following is the strongest acid?
a. HF (b) HCl (c) HBr (d) HI
70. Which of the following could be used for cathodic protection:
a. Al (b) Cd (c) Cu (d) None of these
71. Hybridization of XeF4 is:
a. sp3
d (b) sp2
d2
(c) sp3
d2
(d) sp3
72. Which of the following will increase the rate of the reaction?
a. Decreased temperature and increased concentration of reactants
b. Decreased temperature and decreased concentration of reactants
c. Increased temperature and decreased concentration of reactants
d. Increased temperature and increased concentration of reactants
73. Silicones are polymeric substances with linkage:
a. Si – S – Si (b) Si – O – Si (c) Si (CH3)4 (d) O = Si = O
Chemistry Mcqs For Lecturer & Subject Specialist Exams
74. When an electron is brought from infinite distance close to the nucleus of the atom,
the energy of Electron-nucleus system?
a. increases to a smaller negative value
b. decreases to a greater negative value
c. decreases to a smaller positive value
d. increases to a greater positive value
75. The probability of finding the electron in the nucleus is:
a. 100% due to forces of attraction
b. finite for all orbitals
c. Zero for all orbitals
d. Zero for some orbitals and finite for others
76. When Zn metal is kept in CuSO4 solution, copper is precipitated and ZnSO4 is
formed because:
a. Atomic number of Zinc is smaller than copper
b. Atomic number of Zinc is larger than copper
9. JIAS ACADEMY 0313-7355727
www.onlychemistrydiscussion.blogspot.com
c. Standard reduction potential of Zinc is more than that of copper
d. Standard reduction potential of Zinc is less than that of copper
77. Electrolytes when dissolved in water, dissociate into their constituent ions, the
degree of dissociation of an electrolyte increases with the:
a. Presence of a substance yielding common ion
b. Decreasing temperature
c. Decreasing concentration of electrolyte
d. Increasing concentration of electrolyte
78. There is a large positive entropy change for an exothermic reaction. It means that
the reaction will be:
a. possible at high temperatures only
b. impossible at all temperatures
c. possible at low temperatures only
d. possible at all temperatures
79. Which of the following statement is false?
a. the temperature of the system will fall if an exothermic reaction is isolated from
its surroundings
b. Energy is absorbed when one compound is converted into another with higher
heat content
c. the temperature of the system is likely to fall if heat is absorbed during the course
of a reaction
d. None of these
80. The H_____ bond is strongest in:
a. S__H ……O
b. O_H …….S
c. F_H ……..O
d. F_H ……..S
81. Heavy water contains:
a. Large amount of salts
b. Deuterium
c. O18
d. O16
82. pH + pOH of a solution is:
a. 7
b. Zero
c. 14
d. -14
83. The compound that is not Lewis acid:
a. BF3
b. BaCl2
10. JIAS ACADEMY 0313-7355727
www.onlychemistrydiscussion.blogspot.com
c. SnCl4
d. AlCl3
84. Strongest acid having Ka:
a. 104
b. 10-4
c. 1
d. 10-2
85. Ore of Aluminium:
a. Calamine
b. Dolomite
c. Bauxite
d. Limestone
86. Oxidation number of S in sulphuric acid:
a. Four
b. Six
c. Two
d. Eight
87. d-block elements form coordination compounds because of:
a. Small Cationic size
b. Large ionic Charge
c. Unfilled d-orbitals
d. Filled d-orbitals
88. Brass is an alloy of:
a. Cu and Zn
b. Cu, Ni, Zn
c. Cu and Ni
d. Cu, Al, Zn
89. Urea is a high quality nitrogenous fertilizer with:
a. 76% nitrogen
b. 46% nitrogen
c. 66% nitrogen
d. 26% nitrogen
90. Diamond is:
a. Good conductor of electricity
b. Bad conductor of electricity
c. Bad conductor on heating
d. Good conductor on heating
91. Carbon monoxide is poisonous gas because it:
a. replaces oxygen from lungs
b. forms carboxy haemoglobin
11. JIAS ACADEMY 0313-7355727
www.onlychemistrydiscussion.blogspot.com
c. Forms carbon dioxide with oxygen
d. has a sweet smell
92. Rust is:
a. FeO + Fe(OH)2
b. Fe2O3 + Fe(OH)2
c. Fe2O3
d. Fe2O3 + Fe(OH)3
93. Calcium Carbide reacts with water to give:
a. Methane
b. Ethylene
c. Acetylene
d. Ethane
94. Which of the following substituent deactivates benzene ring and is o, p-directing?
a. __ NH2
b. __ Cl
c. __ OCH3
d. __ OH
95. Which of the following is most readily nitrated?
a. Toluene
b. Benzaldehyde
c. Nitrobenzene
d. Benzoic Acid
96. Ketones can be prepared by reaction of Grignard reagent with:
a. Acid Amides
b. Acid Chloride
c. Carboxylic Acid
d. Epoxides
97. Which of the following statements about the order of reaction is true?
a. The order of a reaction can only be determined by experiment.
b. A second order reaction is also bimolecular
c. The order of reaction must be a positive integer
d. The order of reaction increases with increasing temperature.
98. Polysaccharides yield many monosaccharides on:
a. Hydration
b. Oxidation
c. Reduction
d. Hydrolysis
99. Which of the following is not aromatic?
a. Benzene
b. cyclooctatetraene
12. JIAS ACADEMY 0313-7355727
www.onlychemistrydiscussion.blogspot.com
c. Pyridine
d. Phenol
100. Which of the following is most basic?
a. H2O
b. NH3
c. CH3 NH2
d. CH3OH
101. Which of the following has lowest pH?
a. CH3COOH
b. CF3COOH
c. ClCH2COOH
d. Cl3CCOOH
102. The equilibrium of two readily interconvertible isomers is called:
a. Stereoisomerism
b. Metamerism
c. Tautomerism
d. Polymorphism
103. Which of the following compounds exhibit geometrical isomerism?
a. 1-Pentene
b. 2-Pentene
c. 2-methyl –2-Pentene
d. 2-methyl –2-Butene
104. Which of the following gives a tertiary alcohol when treated with Grignard
reagent:
a. HCHO
b. CH3CHO
c. C3H5CHO
d. CH3COCH3
105. Which of the following tests is not used to identify aldehydes?
a. Tollen’s test
b. Benedict solution test
c. Fehling solution test
d. Ammonia test
106. Which is incorrect about alkaloids?
a. Naturally Occuring
b. Possess a hetrocyclic ring
c. Exhibit biological action
d. acidic in nature
107. Which of the followings will not give iodoform test:
a. Acetone
13. JIAS ACADEMY 0313-7355727
www.onlychemistrydiscussion.blogspot.com
b. Ethylacohol
c. Benzaldehyde
d. Acetaldehyde
108. The reaction of aniline with bromine water gives:
a. o-bromoaniline
b. p-bromoaniline
c. 2,4-dibromoaniline
d. 2,4,6-tribromoaniline
109. The reaction of tripalmitin, with sodium hydroxide is called:
a. Hydrolysis
b. Saponification
c. Esterification
d. Combustion
110. Which one is not Petrochemical?
a. Napthalene
b. Mineral Oil
c. Wax
d. Table Salt
111. Chemical adsorption:
a. is exothermic
b. is irreversible
c. takes place at high temp.
d. All of these
112. The most commonly used absorbent for chromatographic separation of
organic compound is:
a. Activated charcoal
b. Fuller’s Earth
c. Alumina
d. Silica gel
113. Grignard reagent is:
a. Organo Zinc halide
b. Organo cadmium bromide
c. n-Butyl Lithium
d. Organo Magnesium halide
114. Which of the following substituent deactivates benzene ring and is o, p-
directing?
a. -NH2 (b) -Cl (c) -OCH3 (d) -OH
115. Which of the following is most readily nitrated?
a. Toluene (b) Benzaldehyde (c) Nitrobenzene (d) Benzoic Acid
116. Ketones can be prepared by reaction of Grignard reagent with:
14. JIAS ACADEMY 0313-7355727
www.onlychemistrydiscussion.blogspot.com
a. Acid Amides (b) Acid Chloride (c ) Carboxylic Acid (d) Epoxides
117. Which of the following statements about the order of reaction is true?
a. The order of a reaction can only be determined by experiment.
b. A second order reaction is also bimolecular
c. The order of reaction must be a positive integer
d. The order of reaction increases with increasing temperature.
118. Polysaccharides yield many monosaccharides on:
a. Hydration (b) Oxidation (c) Reduction (d) Hydrolysis
119. Which of the following is not aromatic?
a. Benzene (b) cyclooctatetraene (c) Pyridine (d) Phenol
120. Which of the following is most basic?
a. H2O (b) NH3 (c) CH3NH2 (d) CH3OH
121. Which of the following has lowest pH?
a. CH3COOH (b) CF3COOH (c) ClCH2COOH (d) Cl3CCOOH
122. The equilibrium of two readily interconvertible isomers is called:
a. Stereoisomerism (b) Metamerism (c) Tautomerism (d) Polymorphism
123. Which of the following compounds exhibit geometrical isomerism?
a. 1-Pentene (b) 2-Pentene (c) 2-methyl –2-Pentene (d) 2-methyl –2-Butene
124. Which of the following gives a tertiary alcohol when treated with Grignard
reagent:
a. HCHO (b) CH3CHO (c) C3H5CHO (d) CH3COCH3
125. Which of the following tests is not used to identify aldehydes?
a. Tollen’s test (b) Benedict solution test (c) Fehling solution test (d) Ammonia test
126. Which is incorrect about alkaloids?
a. Naturally occuring
b. Possess a hetrocyclic ring
c. Exhibit biological action
d. acidic in nature
127. Which of the followings will not give iodoform test:
a. Acetone (b) Ethylacohol (c) Benzaldehyde (d) Acetaldehyde
128. The reaction of aniline with bromine water gives:
a. o-bromoaniline (b) p-bromoaniline (c) 2,4-dibromoaniline (d) 2,4,6-
tribromoaniline
129. The reaction of tripalmitin, with sodium hydroxide is called:
a. Hydrolysis (b) Saponification (c) Esterification (d) Combustion
130. Which one is not Petrochemical?
a. Napthalene (b) Mineral Oil (c) Wax (d) Table Salt
131. Chemical adsorption:
a. is exothermic (b) is irreversible (c) takes place at high temp. (d) All of these
15. JIAS ACADEMY 0313-7355727
www.onlychemistrydiscussion.blogspot.com
132. The most commonly used absorbent for chromatographic separation of
organic compound is:
a. Activated charcoal (b) Fuller’s Earth (c) Alumina (d) Silica gel
133. Grignard reagent is:
a. Organo Zinc halide (b) Organo cadmium bromide
b. n-Butyl Lithium (d) Organo Magnesium halide
134. Which one of the following is not a petrochemical.
a. Cumene (b) Paraffin (c) Aluminum Chloride (d) Epoxy resin
135. The term syndiotactic is related to which one of the following?
a. Synthetic detergents (b) Table Salt (c) Paraffin (d) Polyprophylene
136. Which one of the following is used as an Antibiotic?
a. Patulin (b) Insulin (c) Soserine (d) Trypsin
137. Heroin is diacetate of:
a. Papaverine (b) Morphine(c) Codeine (d) Thebaine
138. A reaction that practically is given by all organic compounds.
a. Elimination (b) Friedel-Craft ecylation (c) Combustion (d) Rearrangement
139. Which functional group is present in polyester shirt?
a. Lactam (b) Acid Chloride (c) Ether (d) Ester
140. Which statement is true for Halogen (Halo-group)?
a. Activating and O, p–directing
b. Activating and m–directing
c. Deactivating and O, p–directing
d. None of these.
141. Which one of the following can be synthesized from Aryl Diazonium Salt?
a. Furfural (b) Carbylamine (c) Biphenyl (d) THF
142. The Methyl group in Methyl Magnesium Iodide can act as:
a. CH3 Radical (b) CH3 Carbonium ion (c) CH3 Carbanion (d) Can react with a base
143. Nylon is a copolymer of:
a. Urea and Formaldehyde
b. Phenol and Formaldehyde
c. Hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid
d. Vinyl Chloride and Vinylalcohol
144. Which of the following would react with one mole of Grignard’sreagent to
yield a ketone?
a. R′R′RCON (b) R′RCONH (c) RCONH2(d) RCOOH
145. Glyceraldehyde has one ofthe following properties:
a. One asymmetric carbon atom
b. Two asymmetric carbon atoms
c. A meso compound
d. Four asymmetric carbon atoms
16. JIAS ACADEMY 0313-7355727
www.onlychemistrydiscussion.blogspot.com
146. The antifreeze compound ethylene glycol has the formula:
a. C2H5OH (b) CH3OH (c) C2H4(OH)2(d) C3H5(OH)3
147. Distillation is the best method for separating the two substances in which of
the following:
a. Water and salt dissolved
b. water and a substance which does not dissolve in it
c. Two liquids that have different boiling points
d. Two solids that have different melting points.