The female reproductive system produces egg cells and sex hormones. The ovaries contain primordial follicles which develop into mature follicles containing oocytes. At ovulation, the mature follicle ruptures and releases an oocyte. If fertilization occurs, the ruptured follicle forms the corpus luteum which secretes progesterone. The endometrium thickens under the influence of estrogen in preparation for implantation. If implantation does not occur, the endometrium is shed through menstruation. The menstrual cycle is regulated by hormones including FSH, LH, estrogen and progesterone.

1. HUMAN
REPRODUCTION
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

2. INTRODUCTION

3. Female reproductive system(front view)
Fallopian tubes are also called oviducts or uterine tubes

4. Female Reproductive organs
uterus
ovum

5. Female reproductive system-uterus and oviduct
Myometrium:
the middle
muscular layer
Ampulla: The part
of the fallopian tube
where fertilization
takes place.
Perimetrium: the
external membranous
structure

6. Femalereproductive system(side view)
Picture of pelvic region showing location of reproductive system
Picture showing the sectional view of female reproductive system
Ovary
Oviduct
Uterus
Cervix
Vagina
Urinary
bladder
Urethra

7. External genitals infemale-Vulva

8. INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF OVARY

9. Internal structure ofovary
Germinal epithelium- the lining of the ovary
These are a pair of ovoid
organs, located in the upper
pelvic cavity, one on each
side of the uterus.
Produce ovum and female
hormones

10. The ovum in the ovary
Potential eggs AT PUBERTY
The follicle rupture
after 2 weeks to
release the egg cell
The released egg
cell- OVULATION
A mature
follicle is
called
Graafian
follicle
Potential eggs surrounded by cells - follicle

11. Internal structure of ovary
Development of follicles
from primordial to graffian
follicle-
FOLLICULOGENESIS
Mature
follicle
Follicle cells produce
hormone ESTROGEN
Corpus luteum
produces
PROGESTERONE
The ovary produces the egg cell, in the
follicle.

12. MATURE GRAFFIAN FOLLICLE

13. MATURE GRAFFIAN FOLLICLE

14. STAINED GRAFFIAN FOLLICLE

15. At what age does the development of egg start in the female body?
Egg cell formation begins during the embryonic stage
6-7 Million immature
eggs.(5-6 months)
1-2 Million ( Birth)
4,00,000
(Puberty)

16. OOGENESIS

17. Inside the follicle-Oogenesis
• The formation of haploid
ovum from a diploid
oogonium is OOGENESIS.
• Oogenesis produces one
ovum and three polar bodies.

18. Oogenesis Spermatogenesis
Number of gametes
produced
One Four
Process begining Embryonic stage Puberty
Process ending Age of 45-50 Continues for life
time
Where does the
process occur
In the ovary In testis

19. Human ovum
• Cytoplasm is differentiated into
• Outer transparent exoplasm or egg cortex,
• Inner opaque endoplasm or ooplasm.
• Outer row of follicular cells surrounding
the egg cell –Corona radiata
• A glycoprotein layer inner to follicular
cells – zona pellucida.
• The membrane of the egg cell next to the
plasma membrane- vitelline membrane.
• Between the zona pellucida and the
vitelline membrane is the perivitelline
space.

20. • Where in the ovary does the egg cell develop?
• Inside the follicle
• How does the oocyte leave the ovary?
• The Graffian follicle ruptures to release the oocyte by ovulation.
• What happens to the ruptured follicle?
• It is converted to a yellow body called corpus luteum.
• In the ovary follicle cells produce estrogen and corpus luteum
produces progesterone.
• When does the production of egg cell begin in a female?
• During the embryonic development

21. Homologyof male and female reproductive organs
Male organs Female organs
Testis Ovary
Vas deferens Fallopian tube
Penis Clitoris

22. Fertilisation
For the zygote to develop into an embryo and then a baby the uterus
has to prepare itself.
The uterus thus undergoes changes to be able to nourish the
developing embryo.

23. MENSTRUAL CYCLE

24. PHASES IN MENSTRUAL CYCLE

25. Menstrualcycle- hormone function
PITUITARYFSH
Estrogen
Helps in proliferation/thickening of endometrium
LH
Progesterone
Helps in proliferation/thickening of endometrium and
maintaining pregnancy.
Follicle in ovary
Corpus luteum in ovary
Stimulates folliculogenesis Maintains corpus luteum
MENARCHE: The beginning of
the menstrual cycle.
It begins between 10-15 years.
MENOPAUSE: The end or
stopping of the menstrual cycle
It happens at 44-55years.

26. Menstrual cycle: phases

27. FOLLICULLAR PHASE
• It follows the menstrual phase and lasts for about 10-12
days.
• GnRH stimulates pituitary gland to release FSH.
• FSH stimulates the change ofa primary follicle of the ovary
into a Graffian follicle.
• Follicular cells secrete estrogens.
• Estrogens stimulate the growth, maintenance and normal
functioning of secondary sex organs.
• Uterine endometrium becomes thick, more vascular and
more glandular. The uterine glands become cork-screw
shaped and prepares itself for implantation
• Estrogen inhibit the secretion of FSH and stimulate the
secretion of LH.
• Gylcogen and fat accumulate in the endometrial cells.

28. OVULATORY PHASE
• It involves the ovulation from the Graffian follicle of ovary.
• It occurs midway between two menstrual cycles on 14th day of the onset of the
menstrual cycle.
• It is caused by increased level of LH in the blood.
• Ovum is received by the fimbriae of the Fallopian tube.
• LH also starts the change of empty Graffian follicle into corpus luteum.
• There is no much change in the uterine endometrium during ovulatory phase.

29. LEUTAL PHASE
• It lasts from 15th day to 28th day of the
menstrual cycle.
• Corpus luteum is formed and hence this
phase is called Leutal phase.
• Corpus luteum secretes progesterone
hormone.
• Decreases the secretion of FSH & LH.
• Uterine endometrium further proliferates
and is ready for implantation

30. MENSTRUAL PHASE
• It lasts about 3-5 days and extends from the 1st to 4th day of the menstrual
cycle.
• When ovum remains unfertilized the corpus luteum starts degenerating.
• The level of progesterone in the blood declines.
• The uterine tissues fails to be maintained.
• The unfertilized ovum along with ruptured uterine epithelium, about 50-100
ml of blood and mucus is discharged out and is called Menstrual flow or
Menstruation

31. CHANGES DURING MENSTRUAL
CYCLE

32. Changes in the ovary (recap)
The ovum or the egg cell develops inside the follicle in the ovary.
The mature or the graffian
follicle contains the
oocyte.
The graffian follicle
ruptures to release the
oocyte.
The process of release of the oocyte from
the graffian follicle in the ovary is called
OVULATION.
The ruptured follicle then forms a yellow body called CORPUS LUTEUM.

33. Changes in the uterus
While there are changes in the ovary, the uterus also shows changes.
1. The endometrial lining
starts to thicken
2. The lining thickens further
in expectation of the fertilised
egg cell
The thickening of the
endometrium is essential for
the implantation of the
fertilised egg cell
The estrogen from the follicle cells in the ovary acts on the endometrium.

34. Changes in the uterus
The shedding of the
uterine lining is called
MENSTRUATION
The released egg may get fertilised or it is not fertilised…thus..
If there is no fertilisation the
uterine lining is shed with the
unfertilised ovum.
If there is fertilisation the zygote
is attached to the wall and
pregnancy begins.

35. THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
The series of events that occur in cyclic manner every 28-32 days and involve the
formation of female gamete with change in structure and function of entire female
reproductive system.

36. Hormones in the Menstrualcycle
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Oestrogen (produced by follicle cells)
Progesterone (produced by corpus luteum)
OVARY
Gonadotropins from anterior pituitary

37. HORMONAL CHANGES
ALONG WITH THE PHASES
OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE

38. EVENTS THAT OCCUR IN THE ENDOMETRIUM

39. ENDOMETRIUM

40. Hormonalchanges inMenstrual cycle:phases

41. ACCESSORY GLANDS

42. MAMMARY GLANDS
Mammary glands are tubulo-alveolar and
modified sweat glands.
15-20 lobes of milk glands

43. MAMMARY GLANDS

44. HORMONAL CONTROL

46. OESTROUS CYCLE
• The period of sexual responsiveness of female is called Oestrous Cycle or
heat period.
• It is generally for short duration.
• It is followed by anaestrous during which the female does not copulate
with male.
• Most of wild animals are Monoestrous (eg, sheep, deer, dog etc)
• Rats and mice breed as frequently as every five days and the guinea pig every
fifteen days so are Polyestrous.

47. THANK YOU