2. Low cost bridges may be defined as bridges constructed and
maintained at low cost.
Necessity
1. Lack of resources, time, money and skill
2. Repairs to permanent works
3. To facilitate the execution of permanent works
4. Temporary need
5. Undertaking project surveys in the interiors
Constructed using locally available materials like stone, bricks
and timber
Causeway: A road causeway is a pucca dip which allows floods
to pass over it.
6. Road with stone or brick paving
Cut off wall (Dwarf wall) – To prevent scour and undermining
Cut off wall 60 cm deep on u/s and 120 to 150 cm on d/s
For steep slope – Road at higher level with masonry wall at
each end
7.
8. It is submersible road bridge
Having sufficient number of opening
Opening –with abutments, piers, floors, slabs and arches
Approaches with slope 1 in 20
9. Apron of Concrete or Masonry - velocity is high and stream
bed is soft
Road – CC slab or stone blocks set in mortar
10.
11. Bed level causeway
Provided where interruption to traffic less than 24 hour
Generally 12 to 25 cm above bed
For sound and economic design
Afflux
Scour on u/s and d/s
Upstream pressure
Factors considered to upgrade existing causeway to high level
bridge
Number of interruptions
Duration of interruptions
Type of flow
Type and amount of traffic
Importance of road
12. Culvert : A culvert is a small bridge for carrying water
beneath a road or railway.
Road culvert – span limited to 5 m
Railway culvert – span limited to 6 m
Types of culverts:
1. Arch culvert
2. Slab culvert
3. Pipe culvert
4. Box culvert
13. Consists of abutments, wing walls, arches, parapets and the
foundations.
Constructed – Brickwork or Concrete
Floor and curtain wall – velocity of flow and nature of soil
14.
15. Consists of RCC slab with or without beams or a stone slab,
with or without steel girder
Deck slab – one way slab
Design – One lane of IRC class AA track vehicle or one lane
of IRC class AA wheeled loading or two lanes of class A
loading
16.
17. Provided – discharge is small and sufficient headway is not
available
Pipes –diameter not less than 60 cm
No. and dia. Of pipes – discharge and height of bank
Concrete bedding
Gradient – not less than 1 in 1000
18. Consists of one or more no. of rectangular or square openings
Provided – soil is soft and load to be spread over wide area
RCC box culvert – abutments, top and bottom slabs cast
monolithically
Height of vent – rarely exceed 3 m
19. For single span up to 3 m and double span up to 6 m
20. Height of box – at road level or at depth below road
level
21. Splayed wing wall at 450 – retain earthwork, guide
water flow