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Similar a Classification of lifecindy
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Classification of lifecindy
- 1. Classification copyright cmassengale 1
- 2. Species of Organisms • There are 13 billion known species of organisms • This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!! • New organisms are still being found and identified copyright cmassengale 2
- 3. What is Classification? Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities Classification is also known as taxonomy Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms copyright cmassengale 3
- 4. Benefits of Classifying • Accurately & uniformly names organisms • Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish • Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names Sea”horse”?? copyright cmassengale 4
- 5. Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names copyright cmassengale 5
- 6. Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists copyright cmassengale 6
- 7. Early Taxonomists • 2000 years ago, Aristotle was the first taxonomist • Aristotle divided organisms into plants & animals • He subdivided them by their habitat ---land, sea, or air dwellers copyright cmassengale 7
- 8. Carolus Linnaeus 1707 – 1778 • 18th century taxonomist • Classified organisms by their structure • Developed naming system still used today copyright cmassengale 8
- 9. Carolus Linnaeus • Called the “Father of Taxonomy” • Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature • Two-word name (Genus & species) copyright cmassengale 9
- 10. Standardized Naming •Binomial nomenclature used Turdus migratorius •Genus species •Latin or Greek •Italicized in print •Capitalize genus, but NOT species •Underline when writing American Robin copyright cmassengale 10
- 11. Binomial Nomenclature Which TWO are more closely related? copyright cmassengale 11
- 12. Classification Groups • Taxon ( taxa-plural)related category into which is a organisms are placed • There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific • Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species copyright cmassengale 12
- 13. Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups Domain BROADEST TAXON Kingdom Phylum (Division – used for plants) Class Order Family Most Genus Specific Species copyright cmassengale 13
- 14. Did King Phillip Cross Over France Going South! copyright cmassengale 14
- 15. copyright cmassengale 15
- 16. Domains • Broadest, most inclusive taxon • Three domains • Archaea and Eubacteria(no unicellular prokaryotes are nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) • Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane- bound organelles copyright cmassengale 16
- 17. ARCHAEA • Probably the 1st cells to evolve • Live in HARSH environments • Found in: –Sewage Treatment Plants –Thermal or Volcanic Vents –acid Springs or Geysers that are Hot –Greatsalty water (Dead Sea; Very Salt Lake) copyright cmassengale 17
- 18. ARCHAEAN copyright cmassengale 18
- 19. EUBACTERIA • Some may cause DISEASE • Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones • Important decomposers for environment • Commercially important in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc. copyright cmassengale 19
- 20. Live in the intestines of animals copyright cmassengale 20
- 21. Domain Eukarya is Divided into Kingdoms •Protista (protozoans, algae…) • Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) •Plantae (multicellular plants) •animals) Animalia (multicellular copyright cmassengale 21
- 22. Protista •Most are unicellular •Some are multicellular •Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic • Aquatic copyright cmassengale 22
- 23. Reproduction Asexually Mitosis and cytokinesis - unicellular http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=mitosis+in+protist&view=detail Budding – similar to mitosis except daughter cell is smaller than parent – multicellular http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4JIytOL-Q18&feature=related SEXUALLY Meiosis – special nuclear division to reduce chromosome number to haploid - multicellular Conjugation – exchange of nuclear material between two individuals - unicellular
- 24. Protists Three Types Animal-like Protists Plant-like Protists Fungus-like Protists http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
- 25. Protozoans animal-like protist Unicellular – made up of one cell Heterotrophs – they eat other organisms or dead organic matter Classified by how they move http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=ameba+moving+by+pseudopodia&view=detail&mid=12BAAFBDAA246F74656112BA http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=ameba+eating&view=detail&mid=2FAC7F7118693435B4B82FAC7F7118693435B4
- 26. Plant like protists - Algae Flagellates: the motorboats Use a whip-like extension called a flagella to move Some cause disease http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=protist+-+flagellate&view=detail&id=23798BE7F96B6F0A5984FE05B9021A3DC78 Ciliates – move by tiny hairs called cilia http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=paramecium&view=detail&mid=0FFDD35BE3C8B0E5B95A0FFDD35BE3C8B0E5B95A Sporozoans – parasites that do not move http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JwsoK8O0lXE http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=plasmodium&view=detail&id=B6D2E36FD71E1288663C0034AD66233D443960A1&f
- 27. Plant-like protist What are Algae? Multicellular – made of more than one cell Photosynthetic – make their own food No roots, stems, or leaves Each has chlorophyll and other photosynthetic pigments Examples Euglena, Diatoms, Red Algae, Brown Algae, Green Algae http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=euglena+video&mid=C67E436CB272D7AAD478C67E436CB272D7AAD478&view=detail& http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=diatoms&view=detail&id=E76D2C31E51A3DF7230E4CD13C14ACABE8B0E9BA&first=0
- 28. Fungus-like protist Characteristics in Common Obtain energy by decomposing organic material Not in kingdom fungi because they have cellulose instead of chitin in their cell walls Examples - Plasmodium Slime Molds, Cellular Slime Molds,Water Molds, & Downy Mildews http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GScyw3ammmk
- 29. Fungi • Multicellular, except yeast • Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) • Cell walls made of chitin copyright cmassengale 29
- 30. The Characteristics of Fungi Fungi are NOT plants Nonphotosynthetic Eukaryotes Nonmotile Most are saprobes (live on dead organisms) 30
- 31. The Characteristics of Fungi Important decomposers & recyclers of nutrients in the environment Lack true roots, stems or leaves Some fungi are internal or external parasites A few fungi act like predators & capture prey MULTICELLULAR like roundworms UNICELLULAR YEAST MUSHROOM 31
- 32. The Characteristics of Fungi Produce both sexual and asexual spores Classified by their sexual reproductive structures Spores come in various shapes 32
- 33. The Characteristics of Fungi Grow best in warm, moist environments Fungi include puffballs, yeasts, mushrooms, toadstools, rusts, smuts, ringworm, and molds Penicillium mold The antibiotic penicillin is made by the Penicillium mold Puffball 33
- 34. Cladogram Which of most following is the closely related to a mushroom (fungus)? WHY? Recent DNA- based studies show that fungi are more similar to 34
- 35. Plantae •Multicellular •Autotrophic •Absorb glucose – to make sunlight Photosynthesis •Cell walls made of cellulose copyright cmassengale 35
- 36. Plant Divisions copyright cmassengale 36
- 37. Taxonomy Plants are divided into two groups Based on the presence (vascular Vascu plants) or absence lar (nonvascular plants) Bundl of an internal es transport system for water and dissolved materials copyright cmassengale 37
- 38. Vascular System Xylem tissue carries water and minerals upward from the roots Phloem tissue carries sugars made by photosynthesis from the leaves to where they will be stored or used copyright cmassengale 38
- 39. Nonvascular Plants Do not have vascular tissue for support or conduction of materials Require a constantly moist environment Plants can’t grow as tall Cells must be in direct contact with moisture Materials move by diffusion cell-to-cell copyright cmassengale 39
- 40. Nonvascular Plants Liverwor Hornwor copyright cmassengale 40
- 41. Main Parts of Vascular Plants Leaves - Photosynthetic part of plant that contains chloroplast - have stomata on underneath side for gas exchange Stems - carry water and nutrients to leaves Roots -Found below ground -Absorb water & minerals -Anchor the plant 41
- 42. Vascular Plants Subdivided into two groups -- Seedless vascular plants and Seed-bearing vascular plants Club copyright cmassengale 42
- 43. Seedless Vascular Plants Whisk ferns Horsetails copyright cmassengale 43
- 44. Seed-Producing Vascular Plants Includes two groups – Gymnosperms and Angiosperms Gymnosperms have naked seeds in cones Angiosperms have flowers that produce seeds to attract pollinators and produce seeds copyright cmassengale 44
- 45. Gymnosperms vs Angiosperms copyright cmassengale 45
- 46. Animalia • Multicellular • Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) • Feed on plants or animals copyright cmassengale 46
- 47. copyright cmassengale 47
- 48. Taxons • Most genera contain a number of similar species • The genus Homo is an exception (only contains modern humans) • Classification is based on evolutionary relationships copyright cmassengale 48
- 49. Basis for Modern Taxonomy • Homologous structures (same structure, different function) • Similar embryo development • Molecular Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins copyright cmassengale 49
- 50. Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows Similarities in mammals. copyright cmassengale 50
- 51. Similarities in Vertebrate Embryos copyright cmassengale 51
- 52. Cladogram Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales copyright cmassengale 52
- 53. Primate Cladogram copyright cmassengale 53
- 54. Dichotomous Keying • Used to identify organisms • Characteristics given in pairs • Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism copyright cmassengale 54
- 55. Example of Dichotomous Key 1a Tentacles present – Go to 2 1b Tentacles absent – Go to 3 2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus 2b More than 8 tentacles – 3 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4 3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone 4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish 4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5 copyright cmassengale 55
Notas del editor
- Genus and species are the two names used to identify specific organisms in the binomial system of classification. Division is used for plants.
- Growth, with increases in size and number of cells, is part of development. Development involves many stages from conception until death.