Copyright - Adapted from Glencoe-McGraw Hill

1. PowerPoint®
Lecture Slide Presentation
by Patty Bostwick-Taylor,
Florence-Darlington Technical College
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PART A
2
Basic
Chemistry

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Composition of Matter
 Elements—fundamental units of matter
 96% of the body is made from four elements
 Carbon (C)
 Oxygen (O)
 Hydrogen (H)
 Nitrogen (N)
 Atoms—building blocks of elements

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Isotopes and Atomic Weight
 Isotopes
 Have the same number of protons
 Vary in number of neutrons
Figure 2.3

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Radioactivity
 Radioisotope
 Heavy isotope
 Tends to be unstable
 Decomposes to more stable isotope
 Radioactivity—process of spontaneous atomic
decay

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Molecules and Compounds
 Molecule—two or more like atoms combined
chemically
 Compound—two or more different atoms
combined chemically
Figure 2.4

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Chemical Bonds
 Ionic bonds
 Form when electrons are completely
transferred from one atom to another
 Ions
 Charged particles
 Anions are negative
 Cations are positive
 Either donate or accept electrons
Ionic BondsPLAY

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Ionic Bonds
Figure 2.6
+ –
Sodium atom (Na)
(11p+
; 12n0
; 11e–
)
Chlorine atom (Cl)
(17p+
; 18n0
; 17e–
)
Sodium ion (Na+
) Chloride ion (Cl–
)
Sodium chloride (NaCl)
ClNaClNa

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Polarity
 Covalently bonded
molecules
 Some are non-polar
 Electrically
neutral as a
molecule
 Some are polar
 Have a positive
and negative
side
Figure 2.8

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Chemical Bonds
 Hydrogen bonds
 Weak chemical bonds
 Hydrogen is attracted to the negative portion
of polar molecule
 Provides attraction between molecules

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Hydrogen Bonds
Figure 2.9

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Chemical Reactions
 Atoms are united by chemical bonds
 Atoms dissociate from other atoms when
chemical bonds are broken

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Patterns of Chemical Reactions
 Synthesis reaction (A + BAB)
 Atoms or molecules combine
 Energy is absorbed for bond formation
 Decomposition reaction (ABA + B)
 Molecule is broken down
 Chemical energy is released
DisaccharidesPLAY

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Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions
Figure 2.10a

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Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions
Figure 2.10b