6. 6
Flagellar arrangements
1. monotrichous – single flagellum at one end
2. lophotrichous – small bunches arising from
one end of cell
3. amphitrichous – flagella at both ends of cell
4. peritrichous – flagella dispersed over surface
of cell, slowest
12. 12
fimbrae
• fine hairlike bristles from the cell surface
• function in adhesion to other cells and
surfaces
13. 13
pili
• rigid tubular structure made of pilin protein
• found only in Gram negative cells
• Functions
– joins bacterial cells for DNA transfer (conjugation)
– adhesion
19. 19
Peptidoglycan
• unique macromolecule composed of a
repeating framework of long glycan chains
cross-linked by short peptide fragments
• provides strong, flexible support to keep
bacteria from bursting or collapsing because
of changes in osmotic pressure
28. 28
Cytoplasm
• dense gelatinous solution of sugars, amino
acids, & salts
• 70-80% water
• serves as solvent for materials used in all
cell functions
29. 29
Chromosome
• single, circular, double-stranded DNA
molecule that contains all the genetic
information required by a cell
• DNA is tightly coiled around a protein,
aggregated in a dense area called the
nucleoid
30. 30
plasmids
• small circular, double-stranded DNA
• free or integrated into the chromosome
• duplicated and passed on to offspring
• not essential to bacterial growth & metabolism
• may encode antibiotic resistance, tolerance to
toxic metals, enzymes & toxins
• used in genetic engineering- readily manipulated
& transferred from cell to cell
31. 31
ribosomes
• made of 60% ribosomal RNA & 40%
protein
• consist of 2 subunits: large & small
• procaryotic differ from eucaryotic
ribosomes in size & number of proteins
• site of protein synthesis
• All cells have ribosomes.
33. 33
Inclusions, granules
• intracellular storage bodies
• vary in size, number & content
• bacterial cell can use them when
environmental sources are depleted
• Examples: glycogen, poly-β-hydroxybutyrate,
gas vesicles for floating, sulfur and
polyphosphate granules
35. 35
endospores
• Resting, dormant cells
• produced by some G+ genera: Clostridium, Bacillus
& Sporosarcina
• Have a 2-phase life cycle – vegetative cell & an
endospore
• sporulation -formation of endospores
• germination- return to vegetative growth
• hardiest of all life forms
• withstand extremes in heat, drying, freezing,
radiation & chemicals not a means of reproduction
36. 36
endospores
• resistance linked to high levels of calcium
& dipicolinic acid
• dehydrated, metabolically inactive
• thick coat
• longevity verges on immortality 25, 250
million years.
• pressurized steam at 120o
C for 20-30
minutes will destroy.
40. 40
Methods in bacterial
identification
1. Microscopic morphology
2. Macroscopic morphology – colony appearance
3. Physiological / biochemical characteristics
4. Chemical analysis
5. Serological analysis
6. Genetic & molecular analysis
• G + C base composition
• DNA analysis using genetic probes
• Nucleic acid sequencing & rRNA analysis
41. 41
Major Taxonomic Groups of
Bacteria per Bergey’s manual
• Gracilicutes – gram-negative cell walls,
thin-skinned
• Firmicutes – gram-positive cell walls, thick
skinned
• Tenericutes – lack a cell wall & are soft
• Mendosicutes – archaea, primitive
procaryotes with unusual cell walls &
nutritional habits
42. 42
• species –a collection of bacterial cells which share
an overall similar pattern of traits in contrast to
other bacteria whose pattern differs significantly
• strain or variety – a culture derived from a single
parent that differs in structure or metabolism from
other cultures of that species (biovars, morphovars)
• type – a subspecies that can show differences in
antigenic makeup (serotype or serovar),
susceptibility to bacterial viruses (phage type) and
in pathogenicity (pathotype).
44. 44
Rickettsias
• very tiny, gram-negative bacteria
• most are pathogens that alternate between mammals
and fleas, lice or ticks
• obligate intracellular pathogens
• cannot survive or multiply outside of a host cell
• cannot carry out metabolism on their own
• Rickettsia rickettisii – Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Rickettsia prowazekii – epidemic typhus
• Coxiella burnetti – Q fever
45. 45
Chlamydias
• tiny
• obligate intracellular parasites
• not transmitted by arthropods
• Chlamydia trachomatis – severe eye
infection and one of the most common
sexually transmitted diseases
• Chlamydia psittaci – ornithosis, parrot fever
• Chlamydia pneumoniae – lung infections
46. 46
Mycoplasmas
• naturally lack a cell wall
• stabilized by sterols, resistant to lysis
• extremely small
• range in shape from filamentous to coccus
or doughnut shaped
• Mycoplasma pneumoniae – atypical
pneumonia in humans
47. 47
Free-living nonpathogenic
bacteria
• Photosynthetic bacteria
– Cyanobacteria
– Green & purple sulfur bacteria
• Gliding, fruiting bacteria
• Appendaged bacteria
– produce an extended process of the cell wall in
form of a bud, stalk or long thread
48. 48
Archaea: the other procaryotes
• constitute third Domain Archaea
• seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to
bacteria
• contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA
• have unique membrane lipids & cell wall construction
• live in the most extreme habitats in nature,
extremophiles
• adapted to heat salt acid pH, pressure & atmosphere
• includes: methane producers, hyperthermophiles,
extreme halophiles, and sulfur reducers