Using Social Media to Strengthen Donor Relationships
WFSS Social Media Plan
1. Water for South Sudan | Social Media Plan 2015
Social Media Plan
#WithoutWater
The PRIMA Group
St. John Fisher College
2. Water For South Sudan | Social Media Plan 2015 2
Table of Contents
Executive Summary 3
Overall Social Media Goals 3
Social Channels 4
Key Metrics & Benchmarks 5
Measurement Tool 6
Target Audiences 7
Key Messages 8
Objectives, Strategies, and Tactics 9
Conclusion 14
References 15
Appendix A: Social Media Audit 16
Appendix B: Example Posts 20
Appendix C: 3-Month Social Media Content Calendar 22
Appendix D: Insight Reports / Research 25
3. Water For South Sudan | Social Media Plan 2015 3
Executive Summary
Water for South Sudan, Inc. is a not-for-profit 501(c)(3), based out of Rochester, New York, founded
in 2003. Operating with just a small number of paid staff, the organization thrives with a committed
network of volunteers; additionally, they are supported by groups of civic, educational, and faith-
based principles, as well as from individual donors and grants from foundations. Due to limited
staff, Water for South Sudan’s social media presence is lacking a consistency over all platforms and a
way to draw in new followers. The following document is a social media plan for Water for South
Sudan; it is meant to share the story of the organization, motivate the community to engage, and
encourage social media followers to also donate online.
Water for South Sudan delivers direct, transformative, and sustainable quality-of-life to the people of
South Sudan by efficiently providing access to clear, safe water, and improving hygiene practices in
areas of great need. One well costs $15,000. Water for South Sudan has aided in drilling of 257 wells
since 2005. They average 40 wells a year, totally $160,000 in needed funds. The organization has
invested time in education the important of water as a natural right, working towards helping young
girls that live in South Sudan, and helping to develop the newest independent country.
Without clean water, every 90 seconds a child dies from a water-related disease.5
Water crisis is the #1 global risk based on impact to society as announced by the World Economic
Forum in January 2015
5
. 783 million people are without clean water
5
. Imagine just a single day
without clean water. Without water that’s replenishing or refreshing. “#WithoutWater” is the theme
of this social media plan. It’s aimed to increase the understanding of the need for water, the number
of people without water, and the way supporters can make a difference. For those living in South
Sudan, an essential need is not being met. This campaign highlights this need and how threatening
the lack of water can be on people. Much like Salva’s story, it impacts supporters in an emotional
way. Emotion will lead people to offer support, donate money, share material, and become brand
advocates for the causes. This plan aims to create and maintain personal relationships with current
and future donors. Content focuses on the organization’s desire to remain “human centered”
throughout all engagement and “ask pieces.” Because #WithoutWater 1.5 billion people are
diagnosed with a water-related disease each year and nearly 5,000 children die each day
5
.
Overall Social Media Goals
• Increase awareness and name recognition of Water for South Sudan.
• Increase supporter engagement on social media.
• Share the story of the organization.
• Create mutually beneficial relationships with donors.
4. Water For South Sudan | Social Media Plan 2015 4
Social Channels
Facebook /waterforsouthsudan
Share relevant, links, engaging content, videos, and upcoming events.
Educate those that are unfamiliar with the cause.
Link to sponsorship and donations.
Twitter @waterforsosudan
Promote content, news, and events.
Share pictures or aspects of Salva’s story.
Create a space conversation and sharing of material.
Instagram @waterforsouthsudan
Share moments that represent the culture of the organization.
Tell Salva’s story through pictures.
Create visuals that can show the important of clean water.
5. Water For South Sudan | Social Media Plan 2015 5
Key Metrics & Benchmarks
Facebook
Likes and posts, page followers, engagement and comments, referring traffic, shares, lead
generation / new donors.
• Total Page Likes = 2,373
o Goal: 10% increase = 2,610+
• Engagement Rate (post clicks) = 265
o Goal: 10% increase = 292+
• Engagement Rate (likes, comments) = 283
o Goal: 10% increase = 312+
• Reach = 6,400 people
o Goal: 10% increase= 7040+
Twitter
Followers, mentions, retweets, favorite tweets, hashtag usage, retweets reach, replies
reach, number of lists.
• Total Followers = 1,884
o Goal: 10% increase = 2,068+
Instagram
Referral traffic, likes and comments, views of photos, page rankings on key terms, number
of donations, and lead generation.
• Total Followers = 627
o Goal: 10% increase = 690+
Squarespace
Site visits per month, page views per month, and audience size per month.
• Site visits per month: 15,072 people
o Goal: 10% increase = 16,579+
• Page Views per month: 46,189 people
o Goal: 10% increase = 50,808+
• Audience size per month: 11,541 people
o Goal: 10% increase = 12, 695+
6. Water For South Sudan | Social Media Plan 2015 6
Measurement Tools
For the measurement and analysis of Water for South Sudan’s social media channels, Facebook
Insights, Sqaurespace Metrics, and Hootsuite analytics should be used to gain insight into
engagement rate, track channel growth, and follow conversations about your brand.
Facebook Insights:
• Track umber and changes in page likes
• View daily active users
• Demographics
• See unique page views
• Measure post reach
• Identify your opinion leaders
• Discover what kinds of posts gain the most engagement of followers
Squarespace Analytics:
• Identify popular website content
• Unique visitors to each page within the site
• Traffic from mobile users
• Search queries
• How people find the site
Hootsuite Analytics:
• Utilize for Twitter analytics
• Generate analytical reports for different connected social platforms
• Track conversations
• Discover keywords and trends in user-generated content
• Sort followers by level of influence (Klout score)
7. Water For South Sudan | Social Media Plan 2015 7
Target Audience
The target audience is the group of individuals that Water for South Sudan is trying to reach with
their messages. The end recipients of key messages should be established early in order to reach
established goals. The target audience should be the type of people Water for South Sudan wants to
be associated with; this is unique to each organization. The target audience should be listed from
primary to secondary and so on.
Primary:
Middle/High School Students: those that read A Long Walk to Water
• New York State Public High Schools
• Respond to Salva’s Story
• Social Channels: Instagram, Facebook, Twitter
Business Owners: Possible Well Sponsors
• Age range: 40+
• Region: local to the organization (Rochester, New York)
• Social Channels: Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter
Primary:
Parents of Middle/High School Students:
• Age range: 40+
• Gender: Female
• Respond to Salva’s Story and their own child’s interest
• Social Channel: Facebook, Instagram
8. Water For South Sudan | Social Media Plan 2015 8
Key Messages
Water for South Sudan should have specific key messages to represent the Water for South Sudan
organization. Having solidified messages allows for a more organizational social media mission.
They should support the overall aim and concentration of the organization. All strategies, content,
and dialogue surrounding Water for South Sudan should relate to these messages.
“A Basic Need, A Human Right”
“Drilling Wells, Transforming Lives”
“Supporting Water for South Sudan Makes the World a Better Place”
“Water for South Sudan strives to rain awareness on the important of clean water”
“Salva’s story is an inspiration to raise awareness on the need for clean water in South Sudan”
“You will die without clean water”
“Without clean water, a child dies every 90 seconds”
Word Bank:
Clean, Water, Donate, Salva, Children, South Sudan, Human Rights, Need, Hygiene
Causes Water for South Sudan Cares About:
• Clean Water
• Children
• Development of South Sudan
• Hygiene
• Education
9. Water For South Sudan | Social Media Plan 2015 9
Objectives, Strategies, and Tactics
Objective #1: To increase name recognition by 10% by June 2016.
Strategy #1: Maintain consistency for all social media platforms.
Rationale: Water for South Sudan’s website analytics has shown that people have been consistently searching
for “hygiene” and “hygiene education”. This shows that people are interested in the success and depth of the
organization’s efforts.
Tactic #1: Design and implement a three-month social media calendar to
plan curated content and organize when it will be posted.
Tactic #2: Frequently check platforms to ensure posts are congruent with
each other (use similar filters, placement of objects, or important details).
Strategy #2: Create awareness concerning the necessity of water on a daily basis.
Rationale: Water is something that many Americans have an endless supply of without even realizing the
importance of it. By showing the importance of water, people will realize how lucky they are to have it, and
feel empathy for those who do not. This empathy will encourage donating.
Tactic #1: Posting a “water tip” (gallons of water for a shower, how many
ounces of water someone should drink in a day, how much water does the
average person use, etc.).
Tactic #2: Create a hashtag that gets people talking and thinking about how
much they use water, #thingsyouusewaterfor or #withoutwater.
Strategy #3: Educate followers and supporters on wells, clean water, and hygiene.
Rationale: According to “How to Market in the Nonprofit Sector, donors want a cause to support, rather than
to just give money away. In order to create the brand people want to support, it is important to share the
technology that is helping lead the company, and the success stories that have followed.
Tactic #1: Share testimonies of those who are benefiting from the wells
through the website. These narratives would consist of an image and a short
caption about the person. Post narratives in increments to show growth in
the company, and to create loyal followers.
Tactic #3: Posts about equipment and process of drilling wells to help donors
understand why funding is needed.
10. Water For South Sudan | Social Media Plan 2015 10
Tactic #4: Incorporate statistics of poverty in South Sudan into an emotional
image.
Tactic #5: Focus on Sudanese children who have benefited from the wells
that Water for South Sudan has helped install.
Tactic #6: Share content with followers that gives links and directions
explaining how they may help.
Tactic #8: Use a consistent, unique hashtag (e.g. #WaterisLife) different from
#SouthSudan or #CleanWater.
Tactic #9: Post facts and news from South Sudan on Twitter and Facebook.
Strategy #4: Use the telling of Slava’s Story to inspire others.
Rationale: Salva is the driving face behind the Water for South Sudan Organization. People recognize him,
and empathize with his story.
Tactic #1: Keep social media platforms up to date on Salva’s story. Create a
timeline of Salva stories to post, and post them in series by organizing
postings through Hootsuite.
Tactic #2: Since the passing of Salva’s father, show how Salva is continuously
working to fulfill his original dream for his dad.
Strategy #5: Identify alternate options to engaging followers besides Salva’s Story.
Rationale: Salva’s s compelling story introduces the organizations to others. To further develop brand
awareness, there should be consistent sharing of other success stories relating to Water for South Sudan.
Tactic #1: Promote implementation of new wells through posting images of
wells being built.
Tactic #2: Share stories of people the organization has helped.
Tactic #3: Share stories of people who have benefited from the
implementation of new wells in South Sudan.
Strategy #6: Create Brand Advocates: Encourage supporters through persistent but
not pushy messages to do more than donate money (i.e. share if you support).
11. Water For South Sudan | Social Media Plan 2015 11
Rationale: According to “The Power of Social Media for Nonprofit Organizations”, social media can be very
effective in promoting events and encouraging people to attend. By sharing authenticity, people will become
brand ambassadors and feel a connection with the organization overall.
Tactic #1: Post photos that people will feel empathy towards, such as those
who use the wells and children.
Tactic #2: Encourage people to share messages through Facebook posts.
Tactic #3: Create a “spread the message” campaign. The “spread the
message” campaign would consist of sharing the purpose and goals of Water
for South Sudan, and show the success they have seen through their work
and through the support of donors. This would be a shareable, heartfelt
story that specifically asks followers to show their support by sharing it on
their newsfeed.
Tactic #4: Boost popular and shareable posts to reach a wider audience
12. Water For South Sudan | Social Media Plan 2015 12
Objective #2: To increase fundraising by 15% by December 2016.
Strategy #1: Construct an enticing Call to Action on the website.
Rationale: It is best to bring the Call to Action as close to the consumer as possible. By prompting them as
they enter the website, they are not forced to search for the call to action.
Tactic #1: Place a Call to Action button labeled “Join the Cause” at the top of
the website.
Tactic #2: Incorporate a “Donate” button into the website banner.
Tactic #3: Provide a catchy slogan with the call to action, such as “Help get
the water flowing”.
Strategy #2: Create “Ask Pieces” to generate support for the cause.
Rationale: By creating an Ask Piece, potential donors will know exactly what they are donating to and the
benefits of donating.
Tactic #1: Create a viral video to show the impact and benefits of Water for
South Sudan. Creating the viral video can be done in multiple of ways,
including teaming up with a video production course at St. John Fisher
College to create a service learning course, and work with those who are
actually in South Sudan creating the wells and seeing results.
Tactic #2: Post videos of people in South Sudan asking for donations.
Tactic #3: Create viral challenge of people nominating others to go without
wasting water for the day, the “No Water Challenge”. When people are
nominated they are directed to the Water for South Sudan website to
donate.
Tactic #4: Construct ask pieces around important times of the year: Salva’s
Birthday, Holidays, etc. (see social media calendar for specifics).
Strategy #3: Produce leading content that brings followers to the website to learn
more about the cause.
Rationale: Donors want to know the cause that they are donating to. By creating compelling content,
potential donors will want to learn more about the organization, and eventually donate.
Tactic #1: Show the impact the wells have had on Sudanese children through
photos.
13. Water For South Sudan | Social Media Plan 2015 13
Tactic #2: Reflect on past stories previously shared on social by re-sharing
(#TBT).
Tactic #3: Take advantage of engagement. If people comment or ask
questions on posts always try to reply in a timely manner and offer
information.
Tactic #4: Strive to produce emotional content that involves honesty and
sincerity by showing real people living in South Sudan.
Strategy #4: Maintain the “human centered” approach.
Rationale: Water for South Sudan currently uses the “human centered” approach. This approach means that
there is a face leading the organization in educating the public.
Tactic #1: Continue using Salva’s story to promote Water for South Sudan.
Emphasize his story of survival with the lost boys, and his coming to America.
Tactic #2: Continue to emphasize the importance of Salva’s reason for
starting the organization, his father.
Tactic #3: Show Salva’s connection to the Rochester community.
Tactic #4: Share Salva’s success of moving to America and earning a college
degree.
Strategy #5: Encourage repeat donors.
Rationale: Earning a donor costs much more than having a repeat donor. By having repeat donors, the
brand will create brand ambassadors, and it will be done at minimal cost.
Tactic #1: Show how lives in South Sudan have improved because of efforts.
Tactic #2: Track donations by posting about specific wells being drilled that
were possible because of someone’s donation.
14. Water For South Sudan | Social Media Plan 2015 14
Conclusion
This is a social media plan that is meant to increase brand awareness and increase
donations. The campaign includes a social media plan, calendar, and audit for Water for
South Sudan. It has used extensive research to incorporate new ideas while instilling the
organizations lasting values.
It is important to build brand awareness and create lifelong supporters of the organization.
Having an understanding of what content gains support from followers and grows in
popularity will help the brand grow and gain support.
Our research and knowledge enabled our group to understand the importance of branding
in a non-profit organization through social media. It helped us develop this social media
plan that can be implemented for Water for South Sudan.
15. Water For South Sudan | Social Media Plan 2015 15
Research
1. Barry, F. (2011, June 1). Nonprofit Social Media Primer. Retrieved December 3, 2015, from
https://www.blackbaud.com/files/resources/downloads/WhitePaper_BBIS_SocialM
ediaStrategy.pdf
2. Cummings, C. (2015, November 30). Infographic: Inside the Minds and Motivations of
Today’s Charitable Donors. Retrieved December 4, 2015, from htttp://www.adweek
.com/news/advertising-branding/infographic-inside-minds-and-motivations-today-
charitable-donors-168239
3. The Power of Social Media for Nonprofit Organizations. (2010, March 6). Retrieved
December 4, 2015, from https://www.therightbank.com/sites/www.therightbank.c
om/files/files/BusinessResources/WhitePapers/Nonprofit/white-papers-power-of-s
ocial-media-for-nonprofits.pdf
4. Hartnett, B., & Matan, R. (2011, March 21). Marketing Your Nonprofit Organization.
Retrieved December 4, 2015, from http://sobel-cpa.com/sites/default/files/whitepa
perMarketing.pdf
5. Water Crisis: Water & Sanitation. Waterorg. N.p., n.d. Retrieved December 9, 2015 from:
http://water.org/water-crisis/water-sanitation-facts/
16. Water For South Sudan | Social Media Plan 2015 16
Appendix A: Social Media Audit
This audit was created at the beginning of the project.
http://blog.hootsuite.com/social-media-audit-template/
When “Water for South Sudan” is Googled, the website was the first thing that
popped up. The second link was to the Wikipedia page. The first social media site that
comes up when googled is the Vimeo account. The Facebook page does appear on the first
page of results; however, it is closer to the bottom. The second page does not show any
more results for social media sites.
According to Social Media the main mission statement should be “Drilling Wells.
Transforming lives.”
Facebook
Name Date Page
Category
Page
Likes
Photos/
Videos
Last Post
Water For
South Sudan
Jan 9,
2012
Non-
Profit
2,366 476/3 A video was posted Dec. 4
about kids learning skills to
help the community.
Ownership: Water for South Sudan
Facebook(mission): “Water for South Sudan delivers direct, transformative and
sustainable quality-of-life service to the people of South Sudan
by efficiently providing access to clean, safe water and
improving hygiene practices in areas of great need.”
Branding: Profile Picture features their logo while their Cover Page is of
a child drinking from a well they had helped build.
Contact Info: Contains links to website, phone number and email.
Status: Facebook page seems to be used frequently with statuses,
pictures or videos being posted daily.
17. Water For South Sudan | Social Media Plan 2015 17
Twitter
Name Date Handle Tweets Following Followers Likes
Water for
South Sudan
March
2009
@WaterforSoSudan 1018 360 1884 748
Organization: Water for South Sudan
Bio: “We’re realizing former Lost Boy Salva Dut’s vision of
transforming lives by providing access to fresh water and
hygiene education in South Sudan.”
Branding: Their profile picture is the logo used in other social media
platforms. Cover Page contains kids holding up a Water of
South Sudan sign honoring a school for their participation.
Content: Has a total of 88 photos/videos, promoting the Iron Giraffe
challenge, capturing various moments of the process of
digging and constructing a well and the reactions of the
people who benefit from the well.
Status: Still in use with postings being put up daily.
Instagram
Name Followers Following Photos
Water for
South Sudan
627 19 108
Organization: Water for South Sudan.
Bio: “Water for South Sudan was founded by former Lost Boy of
of South Sudan, Salva Dut.”
Branding: The logo is at the top left of page, which also contains many
great pictures regarding their work in South Sudan.
18. Water For South Sudan | Social Media Plan 2015 18
Content: So many meaningful pictures that show the effect this
organization is having. They have a total of 108 photos, and
they posted their last picture 6 hours ago regarding the Iron
Giraffe Challenge. Other pictures show people drinking clean
water and workers drilling/constructing a new well.
Status: It seems to be active, but it is not enough. It’ll be a great touch
if they could add some more pictures of kids drinking clean
water.
Vimeo
Name Date Page Category Followers Videos Last Post
Water for
South Sudan
6 years ago Non-Profit 21 26 Post 2 years ago, about
help supporting the new
nation of South Sudan.
Organization: Water of South Sudan
Bio: “Water for South Sudan transforms lives in South Sudan by
drilling wells, providing clean, safe drinking water.”
Branding: Has logo at the top left of the site with information about
where they are based and what they stand for. Next to the
logo there is an enlarged video of Salva Dut titled Founder’s
Story.
Content: There are 26 video posted and a link to their website at the
bottom of the page. However there is no link to their
Facebook or Twitter page. The last video posted was from
two years ago, but seems their bio was updated sometime
in August 2015.
Status: Seems to be inactive
19. Water For South Sudan | Social Media Plan 2015 19
Youtube
Name Date Subscribers Videos Views Last post
Water
for
South
Sudan
December,
2011
193 28 59,667 9 months
ago
Organization: Water for South Sudan
Content: There are 28 videos and 193 subscribers. There are no link to
their website, Facebook or Twitter page. The last video posted
was from 9 months ago.
Status: Seems to be very inactive.
The channel has videos that are pertinent to what the organization is trying to convey to
the public. It is not very up to date with its postings, with the last one being 6 months ago.
Analysis:
● Shows clarity on their purpose across various social media platforms. By using a
uniform logo on Facebook, Twitter, Vimeo and Instagram they achieve better brand
recognition.
● Uses frequent postings on Facebook and Twitter that encourages followers to
donate and learn more about the lasting impact they have in South Sudan.
● All have a link to the website so people that are interested in donating will have to
follow a relatively simple donating process.
● Organization does an excellent job in engaging with their audience through
Facebook and Twitter.
● Instagram should be used for emotion and stories. Facebook should be used for
news.
20. Water For South Sudan | Social Media Plan 2015 20
Appendix A: Example Posts
Call to action/ ask post: Calls
attention to the cause and
directs people to donate.
Facts and information post: Shares information about South Sudan to educate followers.
21. Water For South Sudan | Social Media Plan 2015 21
Throwback Thursday
(#TBT) Post: A picture that
represents progression of
the organization.
22. JANUARY 2016 Content color key: Facebook Blue Twitter Bright blue Instagram Red Website/holiday/Other Black
SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY
27 28 29 30 31 1 2
Salva's 'Birthday':
Major ask piece
New year, new beginnings
post
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
South Sudan News
Update
Elementary school
students return from
break post
#TransformationTuesda
y
Testimonial about how
WFSS changed lives
#WithOutWater post All
platforms
Throwback Thursday
picture
South Sudan fact
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Child spotlight
Numbers/statistics
update
Personal story w/ call to
action post
#WithOutWater post All
platforms South Sudan fact
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
South Sudan News
Update
MLK day
Numbers/statistics
update
#TransformationTuesda
y
Testimonial about how
WFSS changed lives
#WithOutWater post All
platforms
Throwback Thursday
picture
South Sudan fact
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Child spotlight
Numbers/statistics
update
Personal story w/ call to
action post
#WithOutWater post All
platforms South Sudan fact
31 1 2 3 4 5 6
23. South Sudan News
Update
February 2016 Content color key: Facebook Blue Twitter Bright blue Instagram Red Website/holiday/Other Black
SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY
31 1 2 3 4 5 6
Start of Black History
Month
Library Lovers Month
Groundhog Day
How your donation can
keep giving everyday
(movie reference)
#WithOutWater post All
platforms
Throwback Thursday
picture
South Sudan fact
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Child Spotlight
Feb. 812 Random Acts
of Kindness Week
Numbers
/statistics update
Personal story w/ call to
action post
#WithOutWater post All
platforms
South Sudan fact
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Valentine's Day
Show your love
through the gift of
water
Numbers/statistics
update
#TransformationTuesda
y
Testimonial about how
WFSS changed lives
#WithOutWater post All
platforms
Throwback Thursday
picture
South Sudan fact
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Child Spotlight
Numbers/statistics
update
Personal story w/ call to
action post
#WithOutWater post All
platforms
South Sudan fact
24. 28 29 1 2 3 4 5
South Sudan News
Update
March 2016 Content color key: Facebook Blue Twitter Bright blue Instagram Red Website/holiday/Other Black
SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY
28 29 1 2 3 4 5
#TransformationTuesda
y Testimonial about
how WFSS changed
lives
#WithOutWater post All
platforms
Throwback Thursday
#TBT picture
South Sudan fact
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Numbers/statistics
update
Personal story w/ call to
action post
#WithOutWater post All
platforms
South Sudan fact
25. 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
South Sudan News
Update
Numbers/statistics
update
#TransformationTuesda
y Testimonial about
how WFSS changed
lives
#WithOutWater post All
platforms
St. Patrick's Day
Throwback Thursday
#TBT picture South Sudan fact
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
First day of Spring
Renewal of life post w/
picture
Numbers/statistics
update
Personal story w/ call to
action post
#WithOutWater post All
platforms South Sudan fact
27 28 29 30 31 1 2
Easter
Numbers/statistics
update
#TransformationTuesda
y Testimonial about
how WFSS changed
lives
#WithOutWater post All
platforms
Throwback Thursday
picture
32. ● Promote any information for fundraising and community engagement during
these times
● Use slower times to work internally to think of new ways to engage members on
the site.
● It is best to have the most important information on the homepage, as many
visitors visit primarily that page.
● In regards to Facebook, the main timeline receives the most traffic during the
week in the evening.
● Promote articles during these time periods.
● The best content to post is either emotional content, or content that is related to
other aspects of American culture. These two posting techniques will engage a
large amount of the page’s fans.
In future social media analyses, The PRIMA Group will continue to monitor the postings
to see additional emerging trends.
6