1. Kirsty Meddings, CrossRef
ISMTE European Meeting
19/10/10

3. ”Plagiarise!”

4. “Plagiarise! Plagiarise,
Let no one else’s work evade your eyes,
Remember why the good Lord made your eyes,
So don’t shade your eyes,
But plagiarise, plagiarise, plagiarise...”
- Tom Lehrer, “Lobachevsky”

5. “Plagiarise! Plagiarise,
Let no one else’s work evade your eyes,
Remember why the good Lord made your eyes,
So don’t shade your eyes,
But plagiarise, plagiarise, plagiarise...
Only be sure always to call it please ‘research’.”
- Tom Lehrer, “Lobachevsky”

7. 10.1098/rstl.1665.0001

8. User clicks on
CrossRef DOI
reference link in
Journal A
Tani, N., N. Tomaru, M. Araki, AND K. Ohba. 1996. Genetic diversity and
differentiation in populations of Japanese stone pine (Pinus pumila) in
Japan. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26: 1454–1462.[CrossRef]

9. User clicks on
CrossRef DOI
reference link in
Journal A
Tani, N., N. Tomaru, M. Araki, AND K. Ohba. 1996. Genetic diversity and
differentiation in populations of Japanese stone pine (Pinus pumila) in
Japan. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26: 1454–1462.[CrossRef]
DOI
directory returns
URL

10. User clicks on
User accesses
CrossRef DOI
cited article in
reference link in
Journal B
Journal A
Tani, N., N. Tomaru, M. Araki, AND K. Ohba. 1996. Genetic diversity and
differentiation in populations of Japanese stone pine (Pinus pumila) in
Japan. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26: 1454–1462.[CrossRef]
DOI
directory returns
URL

13. 3,215 publishers and societies
43,704,822 content items with DOIs
22,904 journals
133,112 books
18,887 conference proceedings

14. 35 - 40,000,000

15. To enable easy identi cation and use of
trustworthy electronic content
by promoting the
cooperative development
and application of a sustainable
infrastructure.

16. To enable easy identi cation and use of
trustworthy electronic content
by promoting the
cooperative development
and application of a sustainable
infrastructure.

21. http://spore.vbi.vt.edu/dejavu/

22. “In the future I hope that every article submitted to
every journal can be scrutinized prior to review by
similar software. In the meantime we can only rely on
the expertise of our reviewers, which by nature will
not encompass every known article previously
published on a particular subject. …”
Editor of a journal that published a plagiarised article found by Garner et al. using eTBLAST

23. To enable easy identi cation and use of
trustworthy electronic content
by promoting the
cooperative development
and application of a sustainable
infrastructure.

24. To enable easy identi cation and use of
trustworthy electronic content
by promoting the
cooperative development
and application of a sustainable
infrastructure.

27. ACTA Press ● American Academy of Pediatrics ● American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ● American Association on Intellectual and
Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) ● American Diabetes Association ● American Geophysical Union (AGU) ● American Institute of Physics (AIP) ● American
Physical Society (APS) ● American Psychological Association ● American Roentgen Ray Society ● American Society for Clinical Investigation ● American
Society for Microbiology ● American Society for Nutrition ● American Society of Civil Engineers ● American Society of Neuroradiology (ASNR) ● American
Society of Plant Biologists ● American Statistical Association ● American Thoracic Society ● Ammons Scientific ● Annual Reviews ● Association for Computing
Machinery (ACM) ● Australian Academic Press ● BioMed Central ● BioScientifica ● Bloomsbury Quatar Foundation Journals ● BMJ Publishing Group ● British
Institute of Non-Destructive Testing (BINDT) ● Cambridge University Press ● CFA Institute ● Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine ● Co-Action Publishing ●
Commonwealth Forestry Association ● Croatian Medical Journal ● CSIRO Publishing ● Digital Science Press (Urotoday International Journal) ● Earthquake
Engineering Society of Korea ● EDP Sciences ● Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) ● Elsevier ● Environmental Health
Perspectives ● European Respiratory Society Journals ● Expert Reviews Ltd ● Fundacion Infancia & Aprendizaje (FIA) ● Future Medicine Ltd ● Future Science
Ltd ● Geological Society of America ● Hindawi Publishing Corporation ● IM Publications ● IMAPS ● Inderscience ● INFORMS ● Institute of Control, Robotics
and Systems ● Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ● International Union of Crystallography (IUCr) ● IOP Publishing ● IWA Publishing ●
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery ● Journal of Histochemistry ● Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group ● Journal of Rehabilitation Research &
Development ● Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE ● King Abdulaziz University Scientific Publishing Centre ● Korea Chemical Society ● Korea Ocean
Research and Development Institute ● Korean Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI) ● Korean Pharmacopuncture Institute ● Korean Powder
Metallurgy Institute ● Korean Society for Bioinformatics and Systems Biology ● Korean Society for Information Management ● Korean Society of Environmental
Engineering ● Korean Society of Sport Biomechanics ● Kyung Hee Oriental Medicine Research Center, Kyung Hee Universit ● LWW / Wolters Kluwer Health ●
Mary Ann Liebert ● Mayo Clinic Proceedings ● Mayo Clinic Scientific Publications ● Nature Publishing Group ● New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM/MMS)
● Oncology Nursing Society ● Optical Society of America ● Oxford University Press ● Palgrave Macmillan ● Poultry Science Association ● Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences ● Professional Engineering Publishing ● RMIT Publishing ● Rockefeller University Press ● Royal College of Physicians of
Edinburgh ● Royal Irish Academy ● Sage Publications ● ScienceAsia, Mahidol University ● Society for Endocrinology ● Society for General Microbiology ●
Society for Industrial & Applied Mathematics (SIAM) ● Society of Exploration Geophysicists ● Sophia Publishing Group ● Springer Science + Business Media ●
Taylor & Francis (Informa) ● The Ecological Society of Korea ● The Ergonomics Society of Korea ● The Korean Ceramic Society ● The Korean Electrochemical
Society ● The Korean Environmental Sciences Society ● The Korean Institute of Building Construction ● The Korean Magnetics Society ● The Korean
Mathematical Society ● The Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology ● The Korean Society of Environmental Agriculture ● The Korean Society of Fisheries
Technology ● The Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition ● The Korean Society of Ginseng ● The Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers ● The
Korean Society of Mycology ● The Korean Society of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology ● The Korean Society of Phycology ● The Korean Society of
Plant Biotechnology ● The Korean Space Science Society ● The Materials Research Society of Korea ● The Royal Society ● The Society of Naval Architects of
Korea ● TUBITAK ● Versita (CESJ) ● Vilnius Gediminas Technical University ● Walter de Gruyter ● Wiley-Blackwell ● World Scientific Publishing

28. 49,971 books, journals & conference proceedings
26.5 million content items

36. Computers are good at
discovering duplicated text...

37. They’re not so good at
determining intentions.

38. An attempt at plagiarism
An incorrect citation?
Coincidence?
Acceptable copying?

39. Similarity Score = Total amount of text in
manuscript that matches text in other sources

40. Similarity Report

42. Similarity Report
vs
Content Tracking Report

43. Similarity Report
Most relevant matched text from all sources
vs
Content Tracking Report

44. Similarity Report
Most relevant matched text from all sources
vs
Content Tracking Report
All matched text from a single source

45. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Praesent ac lorem
felis. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Donec
scelerisque orci ac augue auctor ut fringilla urna ultrices. In consectetur
ornare velit, non mattis diam mollis non. Etiam sed dui quam, vitae
sollicitudin enim. Nullam id nibh neque, sit amet semper quam. Nulla facilisi.
Pellentesque tortor tortor, pellentesque a viverra eu, tincidunt et risus. Nam
metus lectus, pulvinar id fermentum a, pretium at ligula. Pellentesque risus
lorem, congue a pulvinar sed, consectetur nec odio. Ut porta ornare blandit. Match 1, Source A
Nullam posuere bibendum sem vitae dapibus. Etiam convallis, neque vel
pretium elementum, lectus orci posuere ligula, in rutrum nibh lacus sed erat.
Mauris mollis massa sed odio sollicitudin sed convallis mauris interdum. Sed
pellentesque eros ac purus hendrerit gravida. Aliquam erat volutpat.
Maecenas sit amet tristique turpis. Donec id lacus nibh. Donec tempor
euismod urna, sit amet consectetur enim placerat id.
Morbi nec mauris lacus. Fusce consectetur, nibh vitae pretium luctus, dolor
augue porttitor mi, id facilisis eros neque et sem. Cras porttitor sagittis
placerat. Integer mauris diam, consequat nec fermentum in, congue et libero.
Maecenas pulvinar tincidunt dapibus. Sed gravida fermentum eros, id
euismod massa ultrices nec. Proin ut porttitor lorem. Phasellus convallis
sagittis varius. Proin laoreet arcu sed sapien mattis congue. Mauris risus
dolor, ornare feugiat ullamcorper a, sollicitudin id lorem. Mauris cursus
commodo lectus a vulputate.
Donec rhoncus velit vitae tortor tincidunt rutrum. Duis id iaculis metus.
Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames
ac turpis egestas. Suspendisse eu turpis sit amet augue pretium gravida a at
nibh. Proin vulputate sapien eget est placerat pretium. Proin vel dolor sed
enim gravida molestie. In non lectus sed justo placerat laoreet vitae nec odio.
Match 2, Source B
Nullam iaculis ipsum sed neque viverra bibendum. Mauris mollis tempor sem,
et porta lectus consectetur et. Donec euismod mi sed enim pretium hendrerit
et vitae leo. Vivamus aliquet libero in tortor euismod consectetur eget sed mi.
Nunc iaculis dui et mi rutrum id commodo sem rhoncus. Cum sociis natoque
penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus.
Suspendisse orci risus, porta in semper eu, laoreet sit amet felis. Curabitur
dapibus iaculis eros sit amet commodo. Mauris a libero in lacus bibendum
auctor. Phasellus blandit pellentesque est, et porttitor felis ullamcorper nec.

46. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Praesent ac lorem
felis. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Donec
scelerisque orci ac augue auctor ut fringilla urna ultrices. In consectetur
ornare velit, non mattis diam mollis non. Etiam sed dui quam, vitae
sollicitudin enim. Nullam id nibh neque, sit amet semper quam. Nulla facilisi.
Pellentesque tortor tortor, pellentesque a viverra eu, tincidunt et risus. Nam
metus lectus, pulvinar id fermentum a, pretium at ligula. Pellentesque risus
lorem, congue a pulvinar sed, consectetur nec odio. Ut porta ornare blandit. Match 1, Source A
Nullam posuere bibendum sem vitae dapibus. Etiam convallis, neque vel
pretium elementum, lectus orci posuere ligula, in rutrum nibh lacus sed erat.
Mauris mollis massa sed odio sollicitudin sed convallis mauris interdum. Sed
pellentesque eros ac purus hendrerit gravida. Aliquam erat volutpat.
Maecenas sit amet tristique turpis. Donec id lacus nibh. Donec tempor
euismod urna, sit amet consectetur enim placerat id.
Morbi nec mauris lacus. Fusce consectetur, nibh vitae pretium luctus, dolor
Match 3, Source C
augue porttitor mi, id facilisis eros neque et sem. Cras porttitor sagittis
placerat. Integer mauris diam, consequat nec fermentum in, congue et libero.
Maecenas pulvinar tincidunt dapibus. Sed gravida fermentum eros, id
euismod massa ultrices nec. Proin ut porttitor lorem. Phasellus convallis
sagittis varius. Proin laoreet arcu sed sapien mattis congue. Mauris risus
dolor, ornare feugiat ullamcorper a, sollicitudin id lorem. Mauris cursus
commodo lectus a vulputate.
Donec rhoncus velit vitae tortor tincidunt rutrum. Duis id iaculis metus.
Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames
ac turpis egestas. Suspendisse eu turpis sit amet augue pretium gravida a at
nibh. Proin vulputate sapien eget est placerat pretium. Proin vel dolor sed
enim gravida molestie. In non lectus sed justo placerat laoreet vitae nec odio.
Match 2, Source B
Nullam iaculis ipsum sed neque viverra bibendum. Mauris mollis tempor sem,
et porta lectus consectetur et. Donec euismod mi sed enim pretium hendrerit
et vitae leo. Vivamus aliquet libero in tortor euismod consectetur eget sed mi.
Nunc iaculis dui et mi rutrum id commodo sem rhoncus. Cum sociis natoque
penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus.
Suspendisse orci risus, porta in semper eu, laoreet sit amet felis. Curabitur
dapibus iaculis eros sit amet commodo. Mauris a libero in lacus bibendum
auctor. Phasellus blandit pellentesque est, et porttitor felis ullamcorper nec.

47. Content Tracking Report

48. Content Tracking Report
This source is partially hidden by one or more sources in the Similarity Report.
This source is completely hidden by one or more sources in the Similarity Report.

51. Manuscript
Triage Acceptance
Submission
Yes
No

52. Manuscript
Triage Acceptance
Submission
Yes
No
Prior to acceptance?
Author? On Submission? Triage?

53. Manuscript
Triage Acceptance
Submission
Yes
No
Prior to acceptance
Author On Submission Triage

54. CrossCheck Survey
October 2009

55. CrossCheck Survey
October 2009
For your particular publication(s), what percentage of manuscripts
are you checking or planning to check?
All submitted manuscripts
A percentage of manuscripts
Only those that arouse suspicion
Only those that are accepted
Other
0 2 4 6 8 10

57. 0
3000
6000
9000
12000
O
ct
-0
9
N
ov
-0
9
D
ec
-0
9
Ja
n-
10
Fe
b-
10
M
ar
-1
0
Ap
r-
1 0
M
ay
-1
0
Ju
n-
10
Documents Checked
Ju
l-1
0
Au
g-
10
Se
p-
10

58. CrossCheck Survey
October 2009

59. CrossCheck Survey
October 2009
Have you detected any plagiarised content using CrossCheck?
Yes
No
Not Sure
No response
0 5 10 15

60. Publisher Pilots
50% of testers found
suspected plagiarism using
iThenticate

61. Learned Publishing, 23: 132-135

62. Case Study
Commercial Publisher, 3 STM Journals
• Journal 1:
216 submissions:
21 (9.7%) rejected and returned by journal administrator
• Journal 2:
56 ACCEPTED articles:
13 (23%) accept decision rescinded
• Journal 3:
83 submissions:
6 (6%) rejected and returned by journal administrator.

64. "Not so many years ago, we got one or
two alleged cases a year. Now we are
getting one or two a month."
Bernard Rous, Director of Publications, Association for Computing Machinery

67. “In the long run it has saved
enormous amounts of time.”

68. Positive Feedback

69. Positive Feedback
“This is an invaluable tool and much
appreciated by our Editors.”

70. Positive Feedback
“This is an invaluable tool and much
appreciated by our Editors.”
“By far the most effective and nancially
feasible software that I have found.”

71. Positive Feedback
“This is an invaluable tool and much
appreciated by our Editors.”
“By far the most effective and nancially
feasible software that I have found.”
“CrossCheck is a valuable tool... Previously I would use Google
Scholar, then need to access the journal article to con rm
suspicions of plagiarism, which was very time consuming.”

73. http://www.crossref.org/crosscheck_plagiarism_resources.html

74. Where Next?
• Growing membership & database
• Growing usage
• Case studies, benchmark stats
• Duplicate Submission Detection

76. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/323/5919/1293/DC1

77. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/323/5919/1293/DC1

78. “We DID NOT give any permission to duplicate or
publish our articles... I can't imagine how it is possible
that people DO things like that.”
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/323/5919/1293/DC1

79. “We DID NOT give any permission to duplicate or
publish our articles... I can't imagine how it is possible
that people DO things like that.”
“The physicians in this instance were scoundrels.”
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/323/5919/1293/DC1

80. “We DID NOT give any permission to duplicate or
publish our articles... I can't imagine how it is possible
that people DO things like that.”
“The physicians in this instance were scoundrels.”
“They simply stole our paper!
They ought to go to jail or at least get out of the research
business. But they are probably Full Professors by now and
immune from any guilt. What a travesty!”
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/323/5919/1293/DC1

81. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/323/5919/1293/DC1

82. “To be honest with you, I was not aware of the fact that I need to
take prior permission of the authors of the original article.”
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/323/5919/1293/DC1

83. “To be honest with you, I was not aware of the fact that I need to
take prior permission of the authors of the original article.”
“I had not intention to duplicate ideas, but only to divide previous
experience of masters in [specialty area]… Some phrases were
similar to that of the previous article written 4 years before... in fact
that article inspired our work.
I seize the opportunity to congratulate [the authors of the original
publication] for their previous and fundamental paper. … It isn't a
case of duplicate publication, because our work is based on our own
cases.”
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/323/5919/1293/DC1

84. “To be honest with you, I was not aware of the fact that I need to
take prior permission of the authors of the original article.”
“I had not intention to duplicate ideas, but only to divide previous
experience of masters in [specialty area]… Some phrases were
similar to that of the previous article written 4 years before... in fact
that article inspired our work.
I seize the opportunity to congratulate [the authors of the original
publication] for their previous and fundamental paper. … It isn't a
case of duplicate publication, because our work is based on our own
cases.”
[99% text similarity, 100% references shared]
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/323/5919/1293/DC1

85. Thank You
www.crossref.org/crosscheck.html
kmeddings@crossref.org